Тема 4. Встречная торговля

101. Countertrade (встречная торговля) - a type of international trade in which parties exchange goods directly rather than for money; includes transactions, which avoid the use of money or transactions, which use money or credit but impose reciprocal commitments.

102. Transactions, which avoid the use of money (сделки без использования денег) - are simple barter, clearing arrangements, switch trading.

103. Transactions, which use money or credit but impose reciprocal commitments (сделки с использованием денег или кредита, но налагающие взаимные обязательства) - are buyback, counterpurchase, offset.

104. Simple barter (простой бартер) - is a direct exchange of physical goods between two parties; is a one-time transaction carried out under a single contract that specifies both goods to be delivered and the goods to be received.

105. Clearing arrangement (клиринговое соглашение) - each party agrees to purchase a specified (usually equal) value of goods and services from the other, with the cost of transactions debited to a special account.

106. Switch trade (взаимная торговля) - involves transferring use of bilateral clearing balances from one country to another.

107. Buyback transaction (compensation agreement) (компенсационная торговля) - is an agreement by an exporter of a plant or equipment to take compensation in the form of future output from that plant.

108. Production sharing (раздел продукции) - a similar agreement involving natural resources or energy projects.

109. Counterpurchase (встречная торговля) - transaction involving an initial export, bur with the exporter receiving back merchandise that is unrelated to items the exporter manufactures.

110. Offset (возмещающая торговля) - the requirement of importing countries that their purchase price be offset in some way by the seller.

Export credit insurance in the U.S.:

111. Foreign Credit Insurance Association (FCIA) (Ассоциация страхования иностранных кредитов) - is an unincorporated association of private commercial insurance companies operating in cooperation with the government Export-Import Bank; provides policies protecting U.S. exporters against the risk of nonpayment by foreign debtors as a result of commercial and political risk.

112. The FCIA policies (политика FCIA) - short-term policies, involving payment terms up to 180 days, and medium-term policies, with payment terms from 181 days to five years.

113. The Export-Import Bank (Eximbank) (Экспортно-импортный банк) - is an independent agency of the U.S. government, stimulating U.S. exports through various loan guarantee and insurance programs, including repayment of medium-term and long-term export loans.

114. The Private Export Funding Corporation (PEFCO) (Корпорация частного экспортного финансирования) - is a private corporation formed in 1970 to help finance U.S. exports by making dollar loans to foreign purchasers of goods or services manufactured or originated in the U.S.

Тема 5. Иностранное инвестирование

115. Foreign direct investment (FDI) (прямые иностранные инвестиции – ПИИ) - purchase of physical assets, such as plants and equipment, establishment of foreign subsidiaries, investment in additional production facilities in a foreign country, to be managed by the parent corporation.

116. Portfolio investment (портфельные инвестиции) - purchase of foreign stocks and bonds, not involving a controlling interest.

117. Joint venture (совместное предприятие) - a business venture that is owned by two or more other business ventures. Often the several business owners are from different countries.

118. Multinational corporation (многонациональная корпорация - МНК) - a business firm chartered as a corporation in one nation which employs resources and sells its products (often through subsidiary corporations) in other nations of the world; a company that has direct investments in more than one country.

119. Motivations for making FDI (мотивы осуществления ПИИ) - market seeking, raw material seeking, production efficiency seeking, knowledge seeking, political safety seeking.

120. Competitive advantages of multinational firms (сравнительные преимущества многонациональных фирм) - 1) economies of scale arising from their large size; 2) managerial and marketing expertise; 3) superior technology owing to their heavy emphasis on research; 4) financial strength; 5) differentiated products.

121. Modes of foreign entry (формы иностранного участия): 1) a joint venture with one or more local parties; 2) a 100%-owned greenfield (newly established) foreign subsidiary; 3) a merger with or acquisition of an existing local firm; 4) a strategic alliance with one or more partners.

122. Fronting loan (внешний заем) - is a parent-to-affiliate loan channeled through a financial intermediary, usually a large international bank.

123. Back-to-back (parallel) loan (параллельный заем) - involves offsetting loans between commercial business firms in separate countries arranged outside the banking system.

124. Direct intracompany loan (прямой внутрифирменный заем) - the parent or an affiliate loans directly to the borrowing affiliate, and at a later date the borrowing affiliate repays the principal and the interest.

125. Short-term or intermediate-term portfolio investment (краткосрочные или среднесрочные портфельные инвестиции) - bonds, bank time deposits, government treasury bills, etc.

126. Factors minimizing the cost of capital (факторы, минимизирующие стоимость капитала) - 1) the degree of cash flow coverage of fixed charges under varying market conditions; 2) availability of capital; 3) foreign exchange risk and political risk.

127. Foreign exchange (currency) risk (валютный риск) - the possibility of unanticipated foreign exchange rate changes that directly effects on the value of local cash flows and indirectly effects on the competitive position of the foreign affiliate.

128. Inconvertibility risk (риск неконвертируемости) - is the risk that the investor will not be able to convert profits as well as the original capital invested, into dollars.

129. Political (sovereign) risk (политический риск) - the possibility of political events having an influence on the economic well-being of the parent firm; can reduce the value or availability of expected cash flows.

130. Capital flight (бегство капитала) - movement of funds out of a country because of political risk.

131. Expropriation risk (риск экспроприации) - is the risk that the host government for one year prevents the investor or the foreign affiliate from exercising effective control over use of the property.

Investment insurance and guarantees:

132. War, revolution, insurrection, and civil strife coverage (покрытие риска, связанного с войной, революцией, мятежом и гражданской войной) - applies primarily to the damage of physical property of the insured.

133. Business income coverage (покрытие риска, связанного с потерей предпринимательского дохода) - provides compensation for loss of business income resulting from events of political violence that directly cause damage to the assets of a foreign enterprise.

134. Overseas Private Investment Corporation (Корпорация зарубежного частного инвестирования) - since 1969, - government-owned organization that provides the U.S. investment insurance and guarantee program.