Tyumen State University

The Institute of psychology and pedagogy

Theoretical and empirical research methods

Made by:

Tatyana Safarova

Group 144-2

Tyumen 2015

Content

Tyumen State University 1

The Institute of psychology and pedagogy 1

Introduction 7

Methods of pedagogical research - a study of ways of pedagogical reality. There are several approaches to the classification of methods of pedagogical research. According to one of them, the methods of teaching are divided into empirical studies (studying methods of teaching experience), theoretical (methods of theoretical research) and mathematics (statistics). 7

Any method of pedagogical research is not universal, each of them is only effective when used correctly. The correctness of the method involves two aspects: 7

When choosing methods of pedagogical research should be guided by the following principles: 7

1.Empirical methods of pedagogical research 8

By empirical methods include observation, conversation, questioning, teacher testing, the study of school records, learning products business. Their common feature - focus on the direct study of managed object, collection and systematization of factual material about the process and results of the educational system. The empirical nature of knowledge inherent in the methods of this group is an important precondition for the reliability of findings. 8

Observation is empirically most common method by which the object being studied under different conditions, without interfering in its existence.Observation is widely used in everyday life, providing information spontaneously flowing process of learning. However, spontaneous observation because of the nature of human attention to many details of the escape from the observer, and other details are quickly forgotten, without forming a coherent system of knowledge about the object. Observation as a method of pedagogical research is focused, it is carried out on a definite plan, the results are recorded and at the end of the observation data collected are summarized. 8

The advantages include its monitoring availability and researcher to directly become familiar with the subject being studied. 8

Deficiencies in teacher observation of the study is that: 8

1.1.The survey 8

Survey - a method of gathering information through questionnaires - a specially designed questionnaire, which is required to give written answers. 8

Main types of profiles: 8

The survey is most effective when you want to identify the collective opinion on any issue and needs a significant amount of people. Depending on the purpose of questioning may be subject teachers, students, parents, representatives of the immediate social environment. Using this method, it should be remembered that the results of the survey, even on large samples obtained reflect the opinions, attitudes, habits of thought and perception of respondents, especially given social group, and so they may significantly diverge from the established scientific facts. 8

With the help of a questionnaire can be a relatively small amount of time to reach a large number of people questioning, and the standard wording of the questions in the questionnaire makes it relatively easy to process the data. However, the survey excluded the possibility of adjusting the wording of the questions. Therefore, an important condition for the effectiveness of this method is of sufficient quality used questionnaire (clarity for the respondent essentially questions the opportunity to give them clear answers or select the appropriate answer from the offered alternatives and avoidance of issues that provoke deliberately false answers). During the mass questionnaire-factor reducing the true answer, it is the opinion of other people (for example, filling in the questionnaire together with other people, a person can write off a response from a neighbor, "not allocated", or vice versa: to respond in a different way from a desire to excel, rather not because he really believes otherwise). 9

1.2.Interview 9

Interview (diagnostic interview) - a method by which to obtain information takes place in a personalized dialogue. Like any method, the conversation pursues a purpose, and its results are analyzed. As questionnaires, it is based on a previously developed questions, however, the formulation and the sequence of questions is not rigidly defined, they may vary. By the terms of the success of talks include her individual character ("eye to eye"), the researchers focus on the interlocutor, the creation of a trust environment, the ability to stimulate speech activity researcher interrogated without being distracted while on the set of research goals. 9

The conversation as a method of study, compared to the questionnaires, a number of advantages, due to the presence of direct contact with the respondent person. These include the possibility of: 9

Disadvantages associated diagnostic conversations with individual character carried out with the help of her survey. In contrast to the survey, the conversation is not suitable for mass surveys. To conduct the conversation requires a certain mental attitude, which implies a special choice of time and place, as well as the undesirability of an open fixation obtained answers. In addition, the success of this method depends on the level of communicative abilities of both members of the conversation. Finally, significant variability wording of questions and answers makes it difficult to process the results of the conversation. 10

1.3.The study of school documents 10

A study of school documents (charter schools, private affairs of students, diaries, medical records, schedules, class journals, reports, analytical reports, etc., as well as financial and economic documents) allows you to capture a significant amount of study data. This advantage is supplemented by the convenience of searching and processing the information required, which is represented in documents already in a systematic form and usually in standard forms. Another advantage of the method of studying school documentation due to a fairly long time archival storage of a number of school records: the possibility of turning to the past documented experience and the search for the causes of it in today's problems and ways to resolve them. 10

Drawbacks studying school documentation manifested mainly in two aspects: 10

Learning products activity - a method in which the object of study are the writings, pictures, wall newspapers, crafts and other student work, as well as the products of the activity of adult participants in the educational process. So, in addition to a variety of student work can be objects of study: the elements of aesthetic design class-cabinet, made ​​the teacher in person or with his participation, under his leadership; Products activity, reflecting the enthusiasm of teachers, parents and family hobby hobbies, as well as various kinds of achievement, etc. 10

Products operations are material, their presence and quantity is easy to check, unlike their documented reflections, in which the description of items may well not reflect some important parameters at the moment, and quantitative indicators can be accidentally or deliberately distorted. The need for this method in educational research is determined by the fact that it can be used not only to establish the presence and activity of the number of products, but also to identify the specific properties that characterize the identity of the subject who created this or that product. 11

1.4.Teacher testing. Teaching Experiment 11

Teacher testing - a method in which the application of the test to perform certain actions on the instructions of the inspection. Currently, the school developed a number of test methods that identify the level of training on various subjects, the level of personal development of pupils and teachers to explore and assess the abilities, interests and needs of participants in the educational process. Everything gets more widespread computer testing, allowing greatly facilitate and accelerate the review and initial processing of the results. 11

Teaching experiment - a special method of empirical research, consisting in the fact that the researcher intervenes in the teaching process in order to create the best conditions for studying pedagogical phenomena. There are two types of pedagogical experiment: ascertaining and forming (converts). When ascertaining experiment specially created conditions allow to reveal new facts. When forming experiment - to change the course and outcome of the pedagogical process. 11

2.Theoretical methods of pedagogical research 12

By theoretical methods of investigation include: 12

The study of literature in educational research helps you find and select the information you need. The object of study using this method is scientific and methodical literature, regulations in the field of education, educational standards, typical curricula and programs, as well as a variety of electronic documents. The implementation of this method uses traditional methods of working with literature: notes, abstracting, and bibliographies, annotation, quotation, drawing logic of the text. In addition, the study of electronic documents possible full backup and saving the source on an accessible medium, compression and archiving documents, print the entire document or a fragment thereof (eg, tables of contents, e-mail or the attached summary), search data for keywords, etc. 12

Theoretical analysis as a method of knowledge requires understanding of the results of the study based on the theoretical postulates and models developed by pedagogical science. 12

In the theoretical analysis of the obtained data can be empirically: 12

The results of theoretical analysis can be: 12

Induction and deduction are methods of logical generalizations. Induction as a path from the particular to the general involves identifying the common properties and dependencies based on the well-known private facts. When deduction logic is reversed: the manager, knowing the general properties and dependency objects of this class, concludes that the presence of these properties, and dependencies in the particular cases of phenomena and processes of the same class. Induction and deduction are used for the construction of arguments in the analysis of the data obtained. When induction argument is based on the particular facts to general conclusions; when deduction - from the general, pre-eminent scholar of principles, laws to identify and explain the particular facts. 12

Pedagogical modeling - a method of creating and exploring scientific and pedagogical models. Scientific-pedagogical model - mental representation or material implemented system, adequately reflecting the pedagogical reality of the object investigated. 13

Signs scientific model: 13

1) the ideal system optimized for the study; 13

2) adequately reflects the object of study; 13

3) the ability to replace the simulated object; 13

4) study model provides new information about the subject. 13

The main advantage of the model is the integrity of the information provided, making it possible to carry out a synthetic approach to the knowledge of the object. Pedagogical modeling helps to understand the subject of study in a variety of conditions. 13

Thus, the simulation allows you to select the object of research in the most significant - that refers to the test subject. To create a model in the future, you can concentrate on her studies, theoretically, to develop an optimal system - and only then check it in real educational process. 13

Conclusion 14

Organization of pedagogical research - this ordering of pedagogical research methods, specific activities and operations, allowing it to achieve results in line with the tasks of the study. 14

Pedagogical research is organized in accordance with the scientific logic. 14

The logic of pedagogical research sequence of basic steps and procedures that reflect the movement from goal-setting to achieve research results. 14

Stages of scientific and pedagogical research (VI Smirnov) 14

Literature 15

Introduction 3

1.Empirical methods of pedagogical research 4

1.1.The survey 4

1.2.Interview 5

1.3.The study of school documents 6

1.4.Teacher testing. Teaching Experiment 7

2.Theoretical methods of pedagogical research 8

Conclusion 10

Literature 11