HISTOLOGY_test_krok1
.docHISTOLOGY, CYTOLOGY, AND EMBRYOLOGY
Cytology and general embryology
1. While examining the amniotic fluid collected with the help of amniocentesis (puncture of amniotic membrane) cells with sex chromatin containing nuclei (Barr's bodies) were detected. What does this fact indicate?
*A. Development of a female fetus.
B. Development of a male fetus.
C. Genetic disorders in embryonic development.
D. Trisomy.
E. Polyploidy.
2. Blue asphyxia of a newborn child has been diagnosed. What vessel carrying oxygenated maternal blood to the fetus has been pinched during delivery?
A. Chorionic artery.
B. Umbilical artery.
C. Chorionic vein.
*D. Umbilical vein.
E. Uterine artery.
3. Two sacs contacting with each other (amniotic and yolk) can be seen in a 10-day embryo specimen. What is the structure in the place of their contact called?
A. Amniotic crus.
B. Bottom of the amniotic sac.
C. Roof of the yolk sac.
*D. Embryonic plate.
E. Extraembryonic mesoderm.
4. In a histological specimen is observed an extraembryonic organ that represents a bladder connected with intestinal tube. Its wall is covered with epithelium on the inside, on the outside it is formed of embryonic connective tissue. At early stages of embryogenesis it functions as a hematopoietic organ. What organ is this?
A. Amnion.
B. Allantois.
*C. Yolk sac.
D. Umbilical cord.
E. Uterine artery.
5. At early stages of human embryogenesis there arises a digitiform outgrowth of the ventral wall of the primitive gut rooting itself in the amniotic crus. What is the name of this extraembryonic organ?
A. Yolk sac.
*B. Allantois.
C. Amnion.
D. Placenta.
E. Umbilical cord.
6. In the histological specimen of a human fetus there can be seen one of extraembryonic organs - a bladder linked with intestinal tube. In its wall there are primary germ cells and primary erythrocytes (megaloblasts). Define what this organ is.
*A. Yolk sac.
B. Allantois.
C. Placenta.
D. Umbilical cord.
E. Amnion.
7. In a cell the synthesis of histone proteins was artificially blocked. What cell structure will be damaged?
A. Nucleolus.
*B. Nuclear chromatin.
C. Golgi apparatus.
D.Cell membrane.
E. Nuclear envelope.
8. A chemical agent influenced cell plasmolemma. Consequently, the cell changed its form. Which layer of plas molemma takes part in this process?
A. Glycocalyx.
*B. Cortical.
C. Bilipidic.
D.Hydrophilic.
E. Hydrophobic.
9. In the course of the experiment on a frog embryo the external embryonic layer - ectoderm - has been destroyed. Which of the following mor
phological structures has not developed henceforth?
*A. Epidermis.
B. Somites.
C. Nephrotome.
D. Splanchnotome.
E. Myotome.
10. In a histological specimen there is a hen embryo in the stage of mesoderm differentiation to somites, nephrotomes, and splanchnotome. Of which material will the axial skeleton develop?
A. Myotome.
B. Dermatome.
C. Nephrotome.
D. Splanchnotome.
*E. Sclerotome.
11. Zygote cell-division finishes after blastula formation. What type of blastula is specific of a human being?
A. Discoblastula.
B. Celoblastula.
*C. Blastocyst.
D.Amphiblastula.
E. Morula.
12. In a histological specimen is observed a human somatic cell in the metaphase of mitotic cell division. How many chromosomes form the metaphase plate, taking into account that every chromosome contains two sisterly chromatids?
A. 48.
B. 92.
C. 23.
*D.46.
E. 24.
13. During the third week of embryogenesis the central part of epiblast cells (ectoderm) sags and neurulation process begins. In which direction will the remaining ectodermal cells differentiate?
A. Gut.
*B. Skin.
C. Somites.
D. Chord.
E. Yolk sac.
14. A patient with poisoning has been hospitalized. It is detected that hepatic detoxification mechanisms are disordered. Which hepatocytes organelles has primarily caused the process?
A. Mitochondria.
*B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum.
D. Golgi apparatus.
E. Ribosomes.
15. Cytochemical investigation has shown high concentration of hydrolytic ferments in the cytoplasm of cells. The activity of which organelles does this fact indicate?
A. Endoplasmic reticulum.
B. Mitochondria.
C. Polysomes.
*D.Lysosome.
E. Centrosome.
16. There is a large quantity of carbohydrates in the dietary intake of a human. What structures will be seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes?
A. Fat drops.
*B. Glycogen granules.
C. One large fat drop.
D. Increase of free ribosomes quantity.
E. Lipofuscin inclusions.
17. In the course of a scientific experiment a researcher destroyed a structure of one of cell parts, which broke cell division capacity. Which structure has been affected?
A. Microfibrilles.
B. Glycocalix.
C. Golgi apparatus.
*D. Centrosome.
E. Mitochondria.
18. Tumor cells culture was acted on with colchicine that blocks the synthesis of tubulin-proteins, which form spindle apparatus. What stage of cellular cycle will be affected?
A. Go period.
B. G1 phase.
C. S phase.
D.G2 phase.
*E. Mitosis.
19. Prolonged influence of toxic substances on the organism led to considerable protein synthesis decrease in hepatocytes. Which organelles have suffered of intoxication most of all?
*A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum.
B. Mitochondria.
C. Microtubules.
D.Lysosomes.
E. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
20. In a microscopic specimen of a human embryo, taken after involuntary miscarriage, an embryonic plate has been detected with two cellular layers: endo- and ectoderm. At what stage of embryonal development is this embryo?
*A. Gastrulation.
B. Progenesis.
C. Neurulation.
D. Histogenesis.
E. Organogenesis.
21. During the process of a human embryo formation one can observe the rise of a cavity, light little blastomeres at the periphery, and dark big blastomeres at one of the poles. How is the embryo called at this stage of development?
*A. Blastocyst.
B. Morula.
C. Zygote.
D.Gastrula.
E. Embryonic disk.
22. A ribosomal structure has been affected in a cell. What processes will suffer first of all?
*A. Synthesis of protein.
B. Synthesis of nucleic acids.
C. Synthesis of carbohydrates.
D. Synthesis of lipides.
E. Synthesis of mineral substances.
23. Gonoblasts, sex stem cells, are detected in a 2-3-week-old embryo. Where do these cells differentiate?
A. In embryonic endoderm.
B. In mesenchyme.
C. In embryonic ectoderm. D.In dermatome.
*E. In yolk sac.
24. Embryonic implantation into endometrium (uterine mucosa) consists of two phases - adhesion and invasion. The first phase is accompanied by:
A. Activation of uterine glands secretion.
B. Destruction of endometrium connective tissue.
C. Destruction of endometrium epithelial cells.
*D. Blastocyst attachment to endometrium surface.
E. Suppression of uterine glands secretion.
General histology
25. During spinal puncture a neurologist punctuates dura mater. Which tissue forms it?
A. Smooth muscle tissue.
B. Loose connective tissue.
*C. Dense connective tissue.
D. Mucous connective tissue.
E. Cartilaginous tissue.
26. In a histological specimen of connective tissue big cells, filled with basophilic metachromatic granulosity, have been detected. The granules have been histochemically detected to contain heparin and histamine. What cells are most likely to have been detected in this specimen?
A. Plasma cell.
B. Fibroblasts.
C. Macrophages.
*D.Mast cells.
E. Adipocytes.
27. A patient with injuries of legs muscles has been admitted to a traumatology center. What cells make muscular fibers reparative regeneration possible?
*A. Satellite cells.
B. Myoblasts.
C. Myofibroblasts.
D. Fibroblasts.
E. Myoepithelial cells.
28. Hemoglobin quantity has decreased in blood. Which function of blood, is disordered in this case?
A. Hormones transport.
*B. Gases transport.
C. Providing immunity.
D. Coagulation.
E. Nutritive materials transport.
29. Clinical blood analysis of a patient with pneumonia has shown the increase of the leukocytes total amount. How is this phenomenon called?
A. Anemia.
*B. Leukocytosis.
C. Leukopenia.
D. Anisocytosis.
E. Poikilocytosis.
30. 20% of spherical, flat, plane, and branched erythrocytes have been detected in the blood of a 26-year-old man. The other erythrocytes are of biconcave
discoid shape. How is such phenomenon called?
*A. Physiological poikilocytosis.
B. Pathological poikilocytosis.
C Physiological anisocytosis.
D. Pathological anisocytosis.
E. Erythrocytosis.
31. In blood of a patient there were discovered 14.5% of erythrocytes of more than 8 micrometers in diameter, 15.5% of erythrocytes up to 6 micrometers, the other - 7.1-7.9 micrometers in diameter. How is this phenomenon called?
A. Erythrocytosis.
B. Erythropenia.
C. Physiological poikilocytosis.
D. Pathological poikilocytosis.
*E. Anisocytosis.
32. A patient's blood stem cells were destructed after radiation exposure. Regeneration of what loose connective tissue cells will be affected?
A. Adipocytes.
B. Pigment cells.
*C. Macrophages.
D.'Pericytes.
E. Fibroblasts.
33. After myocardial infarction a patient's morphological heart wall integrity was regenerated. Owing to what tissues did the regeneration take place?
A. Nerve.
B. Smooth muscle.
C. Striated muscle.
D. Epithelial.
*E. Connective.
34. Megalocytes may appear in human peripheral blood. When is their quantity in blood normal?
*A. During embryonic period.
B. Up to 1 year old.
C. From 1 year to 30 years.
D. During elderly period.
E. During pregnancy.
35. A large cell with low-basophilic cytoplasm and bean-like nucleus is observed in a peripheral blood smear. The cell is the largest among other ones in this specimen. What is this cell?
A. Plasma cell.
B. Macrophage.
*C. Monocyte.
D.Middle lymphocyte.
E. Small lymphocyte.
36. In a peripheral blood smear some round cells with segmented nuclei prevail among leukocytes. Minute granulosity in their cytoplasm is dyed both with acid and basic coloring agents. How are these cells called?
*A. Segmentonuclear neutrophils.
B. Basophils.
C. Eosinophils.
D.Young neutrophils.
E. Monocytes.
37. The main structural unit of the tissue on histological specimen is fibers consisting of simplast and satellitocytes covered with common basic membrane. Which tissue is this structure characteristic of?
*A. Skeletal striated muscle tissue.
B. Smooth muscle tissue.
C. Cardiac muscle tissue.
D. Loose connective tissue.
E. Reticular connective tissue.
38. Isogeneic groups of cells are being detected in a histological specimen of cartilaginous tissue. Which cells are initial in the organization of these groups?
A. Chondroblasts.
*B. Chondrocytes of the I type.
C. Prechondroblasts.
D. Chondrocytes of the II type.
E. Chondrocytes of the III type.
39. Histamine has a leading role in the development of the clinical presentations of allergy. Which cells produce histamine?
A. B-lymphocytes.
B. T-lymphocytes.
C: Macrophages.
*D.Mast cells.
E. Plasma cells.
40. During an experiment one of blood cell populations was selectively stimulated. As a result, vascular permeability considerably increased, which caused perivascular tissue edema and blood coagulation slowing-down. Which cells were stimulated?
*A. Basophils.
B. Erythrocytes.
C. Thrombocytes.
D. Eosinophils.
E. Lymphocytes.
41. Destruction of thin myofilaments is observed during the research of a striated
muscle fiber after the action of hydrolytic ferments. Which structures have been damaged?
*A. Actin myofilaments.
B. Tonofibrils.
C. T-systems.
D. Sarcoplasmic reticulum.
E. Myosin myofilaments.
42. A malignant epithelial tumor of the pericardium of a 53-year-old man has been diagnosed. What epithelium is a source of its development?
A. Transitional.
B. Pseudostratified.
*C. Simple squamous.
D. Stratified keratinized.
E. Stratified non-keratinized.
43. 10% of spherical cells of 4.5-7 micrometers size with large spherical nuclei and basophile colored cytoplasm in the form of a narrow thin edge around the nucleus have been detected in the blood smear of a patient who had had
, flu. What condition of blood do the cells characterize?
A. Thrombopenia.
*B. Lymphocytopenia.
C. Leukopenia.
D. Lymphocytosis.
E. Monocytopenia.
44. A patient has changes of epithelium observed after prolonged inflammation of nasal cavity mucosa. What epithelium has changed?
A. Stratified squamous.
B. Simple squamous.
*C. Pseudostratified.
D. Stratified cuboidal.
E. Stratified columnar.
45. A sportsman's leg has been injured during training. A traumatologist has diagnosed tendon rupture. What type of connective tissue forms this organ?
A. Cartilaginous.
B. Dense irregular connective.
C. Loose connective.
D. Reticular.
*E. Dense regular connective.
46. With age human skin undergoes changes, which may declare themselves by reduction of skin elasticity. What structures of connective tissue provide skin elasticity most of all?
A. Cells of epidermis.
B. Ground substance.
*C. Collagen and elastic fibers.
D. Connective tissue cells.
E. Reticular fibers.
47. Research of a blood smear of a patient has shown cells which make 0.5 % of the leukocytes total number, have S-shaped nuclei and metachromatically colored granules in cytoplasm. Name these cells.
A. Neutrophils.
*B. Basophils.
C. Eosinophils.
D. Monocytes.
E. Lymphocytes.
48. Pleural fiction rub of a patient with dry pleuritis is being auscultated. What epithelium is damaged?
A. Simple columnar.
B. Simple cuboidal.
*C. Simple squamous.
D. Transitional.
E. Stratified.
49. Articular cartilages are known not to have perichondrium. What growth of these cartilages is observed during regeneration?
*A. Interstitial.
B. Appositional.
C. By imposition.
D. Appositional and interstitial.
E. Does not regenerate.
50. During electromicroscopic examination of a hyaline cartilage cells with well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are detected. What function is carried out by these cells?
*A. Formation of intercellular substance.
B. Depositing of glycogen.
C. Trophicity of cartilaginous tissue.
D.Deposition of fat.
E. Destruction of cartilage intercellular substance.
51. The decrease of blood supply of an organ predetermines hypoxia development that activates fibroblasts function. Volume of which elements is increased in this situation?
A. Parenchymatous elements of the organ.
B. Microcirculatory vessels.
C. Nerve elements.
*D.Intercellular substance.
E. Lymphatic vessels.
52. One of the rules of surgery is performing sections along the so-called lines of Langer (lines of skin tension). What tissue forms the reticular (the strongest) layer of derma?
A. Reticular connective tissue.
*B. Dense irregular connective tissue.
C. Loose connective tissue.
D.Epithelial tissue.
E. Dense regular connective tissue.
53. Diphtheritic croup arises in consequence of thickening on true vocal folds of fibrin films closely connected with epithelium. With what epithelium is vocal folds mucosa lined?
A. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated.
B. Stratified squamous keratinized.
*C. Stratified squamous non-keratinized.
D. Simple squamous.
E. Simple cuboidal.
54. 20% of large (20 micrometers in diameter) spherical cells with low-ba-sophilic cytoplasm and bean-like nucleus are observed in a Romanovsky's blood stain. Clinically this phenomenon is characterized as:
A. Reticulocytosis.
B. Lymphocytosis.
C. Leukopenia.
D. Neutrophilocy tosis.
*E. Monocytosis.
55. A patient, a nurse by profession, complains of increasing hands' skin itching and appearance of vesicles filled with liquid after a watch in hospital, namely after injecting streptomycin to patients. During the leave disease signs disappear. The increased quantity of which cells can be detected by means of blood analysis?
A. Neutrophilic leukocytes.
B. Basophilic leukocytes.
C. Monocytes.
*D.Eosinophilic leukocytes.
E. Lymphocytes.
56. Helminthic invasion of a 6-year-old child is diagnosed. What changes of the leukocytic formula should be expected?
A. Increase of lymphocytes quantity.
B. Increase of neutrophiles quantity.
C. Decrease of eosinophils quantity.
D. Increase of monocytes quantity.
*E. Increase of eosinophils quantity.
57. A doctor paid attention to the reinforced resorption of osteal tissue in separate parts when analysing a patient's roentgenogram. What cells' increased activity can this phenomenon be connected with?
*A. Osteoclasts.
B. Chondroblasts.
C. Osteocytes.
D. Osteoblasts.
E. Chondrocytes.
58. After conducting analysis a laboratory doctor came to an additional conclusion that the blood belongs to a woman. Features of what blood elements ground such conclusion?
A. Erythrocytes.
*B. Neutrophilic leukocytes.
C. Lymphocytes.
D. Monocytes.
E. Basophilic leukocytes.
59. A 66-year-old man has a malignant epithelial tumor originating from a bronchus of medium calibre diagnosed. What epithelium is a source of this tumor development?
A. Stratified keratinized.
B. Stratified non-keratinized.
*C. Simple pseudostratified ciliated.
D.Simple pseudostratified transitional.
E. Simple columnar.
60. A benign epithelial tumor of trachea of a 56-year-old man is diagnosed. What epithelium is a source of this tumor development?
A. Simple pseudostratified transitional.
B. Stratified non-keratinized.
C. Stratified keratinized.
*D. Simple pseudostratified ciliated.
E. Simple columnar.
61. A benign epithelial tumor of visceral pleura of the right lung superior lobe of a 48-year-old man is diagnosed. What epithelium is a source of this tumor development?
*A. Simple squamous.
B. Stratified non-keratinized.
C. Simple pseudostratified ciliated.
D. Transitional.
E. Stratified keratinized.
62. A 15-year-old girl has a chemical burn of the superior surface of tongue. What epithelium is damaged?
A. Simple pseudostratified ciliated.
B. Simple low columnar.
*C. Stratified non-keratinized.
D. Transitional.
E. Simple squamous.
63. A patient has excessive resorption of bones detected. With the increased activity of what osteal tissue cells is it connected?
A. Osteoblasts.
B. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
C. Osteocytes and osteoblasts.
*D. Osteoclasts.
E. Osteocytes.
64. By the results of the analysis of blood spots in the site of a crime a medical expert has detected that it was woman's blood. By what signs is it established?
A. Poikilocytosis.
B. Microcytes and macrocytes.
*C. Satellites of nuclei in neutrophiles.
D. Specific granules in eosinophils.
E. Erythrocytes quantity.
65. A child has signs of inflammation around a scratch on the skin: pain, reddening, edema - as a manifestation of immediate hypersensitivity reaction. What blood cells predetermine these changes?
A. Lymphocytes.
B. Eosinophils.
C. Neutrophiles.
*D.Basophiles.
E. Monocytes.
66. In a histological specimen of loose connective tissue there have been found relatively large cells filled with basophilic metachromatic granulosity. Histochemically it is established that the granules contain heparin and histamine. What are these cells?
A. Adipocytes.
B. Fibroblasts.
C. Macrophages.
D.Plasmocytes.
*E. Mast cells.
67. In a figure a structural unit of striated muscles myofibrils - sarcomere, which is placed between two neighboring Z lines, is schematically represented. How will the H-zone of the sarcomere change at maximum reduction?
A. Does not change.
*B. Disappears.
C. Increases by 2 times.
D. Decreases by 2 times.
E. Takes up all sarcomere.
68. During the direct histogenesis of tubular bones osteal tissue a plate, which further will provide the growth of bones lengthwise, is formed between epiphysial and diaphyseal centres of ossification. How is this structure called?
A. Osseous cuff.
*B. Metaepyphysial plate.
C. Bone lamella.
D. Osteon.
E. A layer of internal general plates.
69. The research of a specimen of connective tissue has detected neutrophiles. How do these cells function penetrating from blood into tissues?
A. Of support.
B. Trophic.
*C. Phagocytosis of microorganisms.
D. Regulate contraction of smooth myocytes.
E. Dilate blood vessels.
70. During a conditional experiment the action of a toxic substance enhances the mechanism of nerve impulse transfer. What structure provides this function?
A. Neurofibril.
B. Neurolemma.
*C. Synapse.
D. Mitochondrion.
E. Nissl's substance.
Special histology and embryology
Cardiovascular system, hematopoietic and immune protection system, endocrine system
71. In a red bone marrow specimen numerous capillaries are detected, through their wall mature blood elements enter blood circulation. What is the type of these capillaries?
A. Lymphatic.
B. Fenestrated.
C. Somatic.
D. Visceral.
*E. Sinusoidal.
72. Tunica intima of a vessel has been impregnated with argentic salt. As a result the cells with rugged, twisting edges have been detected. Name these cells.
A. Stellate cells.
*B. Endotheliocytes.
C. Myocytes.
D. Fibroblasts.
E. Adipocytes.
73. There are some tunics in the wall of blood vessels and heart. What tunic of the heart corresponds to a blood vessels wall according to its histogenesis and tissue structure?
A. Myocardium.
*B. Endocardium.
C. Pericardium.
D.Epicardium.
E. Epicardium and myocardium.
74. In a spleen specimen a blood vessel is detected. Its wall consists of basic membrane with endothelium, tunica media is absent, adventitia is grown together with connective tissue interlayers of spleen. What vessel is it?
A. Arteriole.
B. Vein of muscular type with poor development of muscular elements.
C. Artery of muscular type.
*D.Vein of unmuscular type.
E. Artery of elastic type.
75. Experimentally into the organism of a laboratory animal thymosin antibodies have been introduced. Differentiation of what cells will be affected first of all?
*A. T-lymphocytes.
B. Monocytes.
C. B-lymphocytes.
D. Macrophages.
E. Plasma cells.
76. In a histological specimen an organ parenchyma is represented by lymphoid tissue which forms lymph nodules. These nodules are diffusely arranged and have a central artery. What organ has such structure?
A. Thymus.
B. Tonsil.
C. Lymph node.
*D. Spleen.
E. Red bone marrow.
77. A patient with 7 years' history of hypothyroidism has thyroid hormone deficiency detected. What cells of adenohypophysis are changed?
A. Corticotropocytes.
B. Gonadotropocytes.
*C. Thyrotropocytes.
D. Somatotropocytes.
E. Lactotropocytes.
78. The removal of what endocrine gland causes pubertas precox of experimental animals?
A. Thyroid gland.
B. Pituitary gland.
C. Adrenal gland.
*D. Epiphysis.
E. Parathyroid gland.
79. In a histological specimen of adrenal glands cortical substance one can see small polygonal cells forming round clusters and containing a small quantity of lipidic inclusions. What part of adrenal glands is represented in the specimen?
*A. Zona glomerulosa.
B. Intermediate zone.
C. Zona fasciculata.
D.Zona reticularis.
E. Medullary substance.
80. In a histological specimen of adrenal glands one can see large cells of cubic form located in the form of cords and containing a lot of lipidic inclusions. What part of adrenal glands is represented in the specimen?
A. Medullary substance.
B. Zona glomerulosa.
C. Intermediate zone.
D.Zona reticularis.
*E. Zona fasciculata.
81. An electronic micrograph of the myocardium shows cells of dendriric form containing a few organelles, but with a well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules. Name these cells.
A. Transitional atypical cells.
B. Ventricular cardiac cells.
C. Pacemaker cells.
*D. Secretory cardiac cells.
E. Cells of His' fibers.
82. In a histological specimen of a blood vessel dyed with orcein there have been detected from 40 to 60 elastic fe-nesrated membranes in the tunica media. Name this blood vessel.
A. Artery of mixed type.
B. Artery of muscular type.
*C. Artery of elastic type.
D.Vein of muscular type.
E. Vein of unmuscular type.
83. Large quantity of exudate has been detected in the pericardial cavity of a patient with exudative pericarditis. Functional activity disorder of what cells caused this?
A. Fibroblasts.
*B. Mesotheliocytes.
C. Contractile cardiac cells.
D. Conductive cardiac cells.
E. Endotheliocytes.
84. In a histological specimen one can see a blood vessel with a wall formed of endothelium, basic membrane, and loose connective tissue. What vessel is it?
A. Vein of muscular type.
B. Artery.
*C. Vein of unmuscular type.
D.Hemocapillar.
E. Lymphocapillar.
85. An organ of cardiovascular system is built of cells connected with the help of intercalated disks. What organ is this?
A. Vein of muscular type.
*B. Heart.
C. Artery of mixed type.
D. Artery of muscular type.
E. Aorta.
86. Arterioles are playing an important role in supplying functional units of organs with blood. Which arteriole structures perform this function?
A. External elastic membrane.
*B. Myocytes.
C. Internal elastic membrane.
D. Special cells of connective tissue.
E. Endotheliocytes.
87. In a histological specimen one can see an organ of cardiovascular system. One of its membranes is formed of anastomosing fibers. They are formed of cells connected with the help of intercalated disks. What organ is it?
A. Artery of elastic type.
B. Vein of muscular type.
C. Artery of muscular type.
*D. Heart.
E. Arteriole.
88. A capillary is characterized by fenestrated epithelium and porous basic membrane. What is the type of this capillary?
A. Visceral.
B. Somatic.
*C. Sinusoidal.
D. Lymphatic.
E. Lacunar.
89. A histological specimen shows a transverse section of an organ, whose basis is formed of mucous connective tissue, two arteries, and a vein. What organ is it?
A. Yolk sac.
B. Allantois.
*C. Umbilical cord.
D. Amnion.
E. Placenta.
90. A newborn child has an undeveloped thymus. What type of hematopoiesis is damaged?
A. Granulocytopoiesis.
B. Monocytopoiesis.
C. Erythropoiesis.
*D. Lymphopoiesis.
E. Megakaryocytopoiesis.
91. It is known that plasma cells produce specific antibodies to this antigen. After antigen introduction the quantity of plasma cells is increasing. What cells differentiate into plasma cells?
*A. B-lymphocytes.
B. T-lymphocytes.
C. Neutrophils.
D. Eosinophils.
E. Basophils.
92. In a heart specimen there are detected cells of squared shape, 80-120 micrometers in size, with a centrical nucleus and well-developed myofibrils connected with the help of intercalated disks. What function is connected with these cells?
A. Regenerative.
B. Nerve impulses conduction.
C. Endocrine.
D. Protective.
*E. Heart contraction.
93. A histologic specimen of medulla substance of a hematopoietic organ lobule has a lighter strain and contains epithelial bodies. What organ has these morphologic characteristics?
A. Lymph node.
*B. Thymus.
C. Spleen.
D. Liver.
E. Kidney.
94. In the red bone marrow during postembryonal hemopoiesis in the cells of a diferon cytoplasmic basophilia gradually decreases, oxyphilia increases, nucleus is pushed out. What type of hemopoiesis has these morphologic changes?
*A. Erythropoiesis.
B. Lymphopoiesis.
C. Neutrophilopoiesis.
D. Eosinophilopoiesis.
E. Basophilopoiesis.
95. In a histological specimen a hematopoietic organ consisting of varying in shape lobules is being researched. Each lobule has cortical and medullary substance. Which organ has these morphologic characteristics?
A. Lymph node.
*B. Thymus.
C. Spleen.
D. Tonsils.
E. Vermiform appendix.
96. Vessels walls have rather significant differences in the structure of the tunica media. What causes specific peculiarities of this tunica structure in different vessels?
A. High concentration of catecholamines in blood.
B. Influence of endocrine system organs.
C. Central nervous system regulation.
D. Inductive influence of autonomic ganglions.
*E. Hemodynamic conditions.
97. Large arteries stretch during systole and return to the start state during diastole to provide bloodstream stability. Which structural components of vessel wall explain this?
*A. Elastic fibres.
B. Muscle fibres.
C. Reticular fibres.
D. Collagen fibres.
E. Numerous fibroblasts.
98. Tunica intima of a blood vessel is lined with epithelium from within. What epithelium is this?
A. Pseudostratified epithelium.
B. Mesothelium.
C. Epidermis.
D.Transitional epithelium.
*E. Endothelium.
99. Responding to the same antigen on recurring exposure specific antibodies are produced by lymphatic system cells. With the function of what cells is this phenomenon connected?
*A. B-memory cells.
B. T-killers.
C. T-suppressors.
D. Macrophages.
E. Dendritic cells.
100. Experimentally blood B-lymphocytes were labeled. Foreign protein was subcutaneously introduced to an animal. Which connective tissue cells will contain the label?
A. Macrophages.
B. T-lymphocytes.
*C. Plasma cells.
D.Mast cells.
E. Fibroblasts.
101. In the blood of a 16-year-old girl, who suffers from autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid gland, numerous plasma cells have been detected. What cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells?
A. Mast cells.
B. T-helpers.
*C. B-lymphocytes.
D. T-killers.
E. T-suppressors.
102. A 25-year-old woman in a month after delivery appealed to a doctor with complaint of milk quantity decline. The lack of which hormone causes such condition?
A. Glucagon.
B. Adrenocorticotropin.
C. Somatostatin.
D. Insulin.
*E. Prolactin.
103. Aldosterone is known to regulate sodium content in organism. Which cells of adrenal glands secrete this hormone?
A. Cells of zona fasciculata.
B. Epinephrocytes.
C. Cells of zona reticularis.
*D. Cells of zona glomerulosa.
E. Norepinephrocytes.
104. Abnormalities of the development of the ventricle myocardium of a newborn child were diagnosed. The disturbance of which embryonic anlage development causes such pathology?
A. Mesenchyme.
B. Parietal splanchnopleure.
C. Endoderm.
D. Ectoderm.
*E. Myoepicardial plate.
105. In a microscopic specimen is a bean-shaped organ which has cortical and medullar substance. Cortical substance is represented by separate spherical nodules 0.5-1 mm in diameter, medullar substance - by medullary cords. What organ is this?
A. Thymus.
B. Kidney.
*C. Lymph node.
D. Adrenal gland.
E. Spleen.
106. In the specimen of a lymph node histological section the enlargement of its paracortical zone is observed. The proliferation of which lymph node cells causes this process?
A. Macrophages.
B. Waterside macrophages.
C. Plasma cells.
*D. T-lymphocytes.
E. Reticulocytes.
107. In a microscopic specimen spherical structures of lymphocytes are detected. In the middle of the structures there is a central artery. Name this organ.
*A. Spleen.
B. Kidney.
C. Thymus.
D.Bone marrow.
E. Lymph node.
108. A 40-year-old man is observed by endocrinologist: he has function insufficiency of adrenal glands cortical substance, which declares itself by the decrease of aldesterone quantity in blood. The function of what cortex cells is disturbed?
*A. Cells of zona glomerulosa.
B. Cells of zona fasciculata.
C. Cells of zona reticularis.
D.Cells of sudanophobic zone.
E. Cells of X-zone.
109. Histological examination of a 35-year-old man's red bone marrow punctuate has shown considerable decrease of megakaryocytes quantity. What changes of peripheral blood accompany this?
A. Leukocytosis.
*B. Thrombocytopenia.
C. Thrombocytosis.
D. Granulocytopenia.
E. Leukopenia.
110. A student has to study two smears specimens. In one of them all visual field is covered by erythrocytes. In the other one there are blood elements of different maturity. What smears are these?
A. Frog blood and human blood.
B. Blood and lymph.
*C. Blood and a smear of human red bone marrow.
D. Blood and a smear of yellow bone marrow.
E. A smear of yellow and red bone marrow.
111. A student has two histological specimens; both contain organs with lymph nodules. In the first specimen follicles contain eccentrically located artery, in the second one there are follicles without arteries. What organs are these?
A. The first - red bone marrow, the second - spleen.
*B. The first - spleen, the second -lymph node.
C. The first - thymus, the second -spleen.
D.The first - liver, the second – lymph node.
E. The first - liver, the second - spleen.
112. A specimen of human red bone marrow contains giant cells clusters in close contact with sinusoidal capillaries. Name the blood elements, which differentiate from these cells.
A. Erythrocytes.
*B. Thrombocytes.
C. Leukocytes.
D. Monocytes.
E. Lympocytes.
113. In a heart wall histological specimen between endocardium and myocardium large cells with light cytoplasm and eccentrically located nucleus are detected. What cells of heart have these morphological features?
A. Lipocytes.
B. Pacemaker cells.
C. Contractile cardiac cells.
D. Endocrine cells.
*E. Cells of Purkinje's fibers.
114. I.M.Sechenov called arterioles "the taps" of the cardiovascular system. What structural elements provide this function of arterioles?
A. Collagen fibers.
B. Longitudinal myocytes.
C. Elastic fibres.
D. Longitudinal muscle fibers.
*E. Circular myocytes.
115. In case of unfavorable factors influence on the organism reorganization of thymus takes place. This reorganization is accompanied by mass destruction of thymocytes, their migration into peripheral organs, and proliferation of epithelioreticulocytes. How is this phenomenon called?
A. Hypotrophy of thymus.
B. Age involution of thymus.
*C. Accidental involution of thymus.
D. Dystrophy of thymus.
E. Atrophy of thymus.
116. A plasma cell produces specific antibodies to a certain antigen. Due to what blood cells does the quantity of plasma cells increase during immune response?
A. T-lymphocytes.
*B. B-lymphocytes.
C. Monocytes.
D. Basophils.
E. Eosinophils.
117. The quantity of epithelioreticulocytes and Hassall corpuscles in thymus lobules increases in case of infection diseases or intoxications. The area of medullary substance extends. How are these changes called?
*A. Accidental involution.
B. Age involution.
C. Status thymicolymphaticus.
D.T-immunodeficiency.
E. B-immunodeficiency.
118. Acromegaly of a patient in an endocrinological department is diagnosed. The hyperfunction of what hypophysis cells caused this disease?
A. Thyrotropocytes.
B. Gonadotropocytes.
C. Chromophobocytes.
D. Lactotropocytes.
*E. Somatotropocytes.
119. The punctate of hematopoietic organ parenchyma has been taken with the purpose of diagnostics. As a result, megakaryocytes have been found. What hematopoietic organ is this?
*A. Red bone marrow.
B. Spleen.
C. Thymus.
D. Lymph node.
E. Tonsil.
120. A 40-year-old patient had myocardial infarction. Due to what morphological components has heart wall regeneration taken place?
A. Intracellular regeneration of contractile cardiac cells.
*B. Proliferation of connective tissue cells.
C. Proliferation of contractile cardiac cells.
D. Proliferation of conducting cardiac cells.
E. Proliferation of contractile and conducting cardiac cells.
121. In a histological specimen of a vessel internal and external elastic membranes are well-expressed; numerous myocytes are found in the tunica media. What vessel is this?
A. Artery of elastic type.
B. Artery of mixed type.
C. Vein with strong development of muscles.
*D. Artery of muscular type.
E. Extraorganic lymphatic vessel.
122. In the course of an experiment a vital coloring agent was introduced into a lymph node afferent vessel of an animal. In what cells of the lymph node will it be possible to detect it?
*A. Typical and waterside macrophages.
B. Reticular endotheliocytes.
C. B-lymphocytes.
D. Plasma cells.
E. T-lymphocytes.
123. Developing blood cells of red bone marrow are located in the form of islets. Some of the islets are linked with macrophages. What blood elements are developing in these islets?
A. Basophile granulocytes.
B. Unmature T- and B-lymphocytes.
C. Monocytes.
D. Thrombocytes.
*E. Erythrocytes.
124. A 42-year-old patient has spasms after the resection of the thyroid gland. Relief has come after the introduction of calcium preparations. Function infringement of what endocrine glands has caused this condition?
A. Adrenal glands.
*B. Parathyroid glands.
C. Ovaries.
D. Hypophysis.
E. Epiphysis.
125. A 40-year-old woman has weak birth activity caused by the weakness of myometrium contractile ability. What hormonal preparation is it necessary to introduce to help her?
A. Prednisolone.
B. Hydrocortisone.
C. Dexamethasone.
D. Aldosterone.
*E. Oxytocin.
126. In the histological section of a lymph node of an experimental animal in medullary cords after antigen stimulation a plenty of cells of such morphology have been detected: intensively basophilic cytoplasm, eccentrically located nucleus with chromatin, which is located as wheel spokes with a light site of cytoplasm near it. What cells are these?
A. Macrophages.
*B. Plasma cells.
C. Fibroblasts.
D. Adipocytes.
E. Mast cells.
127. In a histological specimen the vessels, which begin blindly, are detected. These vessels have a form of flattened endothelial tubes. They do not contain basic membrane and pericytes. Endothelium of these vessels is fixed by fixative fibers to collagen fibers of connecting tissue. What vessels are these?
A. Hemocapillaries.
*B. Limphocapillaries.
C. Arterioles.
D. Venules.
E. Arteriovenous anastomosis.
128. There are round structures of different size in the histological specimen of an endocrine gland. These structures' wall is formed of one layer of epithelial cells on basic membrane, inside they contain homogeneous non-cellular mass. What gland is this?
A. Posterior lobe of pituitary gland.
B. Adrenal gland, cortical substance.
C. Parathyroid gland.
D. Anterior lobe of pituitary gland.
*E. Thyroid gland.
129. In a specimen a dense network of capillaries located between two arterioles (rete mirabile) can be clearly seen. In what organ is it possible to find this network?
A. Retina.
B. Liver.
C. Adrenal gland.
D. Spleen.
*E. Kidney.
130. A 30-year-old patient has hyperfunction of thyroid gland. What form do the thyrocytes of follicles have?
A. Polygonal.
*B. Columnar.
C. Squamous.
D. Spindle-shaped.
E. Cuboidal.
131. A child has a congenital immunodeficiency. Cellular immunity is damaged, which results in frequent viral infections. What organ disorder is it most probably caused by?
*A. Thymus.
B. Red bone marrow.
C. Lymph nodes.
D. Spleen.
E. Palatine tonsil.
132. In a specimen of human red bone marrow smear among the cells of myeloid line and adipocytes there are stellate cells with oxyphilic cytoplasm, which contact with the help of their processes. What cells are these?
A. Dendritic cells.
B. Fibroblasts.
C. Macrophages.
*D. Reticular cells.
E. Osteocytes.
133. In lymph node biopsy material in medullary cords the focus of increased plasmocytogenesis is detected. Antigen-dependent stimulation of what cells caused the formation of this center?
*A. B-lymphocytes.
B. T-lymphocytes.
C. Macrophages.
D. Dendritic cells.
E. Interdigitative cells.
134. In a histological specimen of endocrine gland epithelial cords contain
ing chromophilic (acidophilic and basophilic) and chromophobic cells are detected. What organ is presented in the preparation?
A. Epiphysis.
B. Adrenal gland.
C. Neurohypophysis.
D.Thyroid gland.
*E. Adenohypophysis.
135. In a palatine tonsil histological specimen crypts are detected. Their epithelium is infiltrated by leukocytes. What epithelium is a part of this structure?
A. Stratified cuboidal.
B. Simple columnar.
*C. Stratified squamous non-keratinized.
D. Stratified squamous keratinized.
E. Pseudostratified ciliated.
136. In a heart specimen there are detected cells located in light cords with a small amount of myofibrils, inclusions of glycogen, and eccentrically located nucleus. What cells are these?
*A. Purkinje's fibers.
B. Conducting pacemakers.
C. Conducting transitive.
D. Endocrine.
E. Contractile.
137. An experimental animal excretes a lot of urine (polyuria) and has severe thirst (polydipsia). Urine does not contain sugar. With the function infringement of what cells is it connected?
A. Follicular endocrine cells of thyroid gland.
*B. Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus.
C. Parathyrocytes.
D. Endocrine cells of glomerular zone of adrenal gland.
E. Endocrine cells of medullary substance of adrenal gland.
Digestive system, skin, respiratory system, and urogenital system
138. A patient has appealed to an otolaryngologist with complaints of dryness in the nose which caused unpleasant sensations. Examination of nasal cavity mucosa has shown function infringements of mucous glands located in it. In what layer of nasal cavity mucosa are these glands located?
A. Submucous layer.
B. Epithelial plate.
C. Muscle plate.
*D. Proper mucous plate.
E. Fibrocartilaginous plate.
139. Normally, during a laboratory examination of urine blood elements are not detected in it. What nephron structure interferes with their getting into primary urine?
*A. Basement membrane of glomerular capillaries.
B. Juxtavascular cells.
C. Mesangial cells.
D. Epithelium of the external leaf of glomerular capsule.
E. Epithelium of Henle's loop.
140. Work in the mines is known to be connected with the inhalation of a
significant amount of coal dust. In what pulmonary cells is it possible to detect coal dust?
A. In the pericytes of capillaries.
B. In respiratory epithelial cells.