view

2. Read the questionnaire “What would you expect a good friend to do for you?” and tick (٧) the statements you agree with.

3.Work in pairs. Take turns to ask each other about what you would expect a good friend to do for you. Tick (٧) the Your partner column in the chart.

4.Work in pairs. Ask and answer these questions about you and your friends.

1) Where and when did you meet them?

2) How often do you see them?

3) Do you ever all go out together?

4) How much do you know about them?

5) Do you often make new friends?

6) How many close friends have you got?

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C.Places to visit or to live in

1.Read the words for home towns and put them in two columns: nouns and adjectives.

accommodation, rush hours, expensive, climate, cheap, entertainment, extensive, busy, fascinating, architecture, beautiful, wonderful, dangerous, medium-sized, food, safe, shops, traffic, traffic jams, excellent, crowded, modern, famous, suburbs

Use these words in the sentences of your own to describe the place you live in. 2. Listen to 4 people talking about their home towns. Each one is talking about a different aspect of their town. Put the number of the speaker by the aspect they are talking about. There are two aspects you don’t have to use.

3. Listen again, fill in the gaps and consider each aspect concerning the city you live in.

1)It’s quite cheap to live here although in certain parts of town the accommodation is really very …. Everyday things in the shop are very cheap, although clothes can cost a lot.

2)Oh, it’s incredible. I mean, there are so many cars and lorries. You see, the railways system is not very extensive so everything has to go by road. But at rush hours at the centre of town it’s so … .

3)It’s a very interesting place to visit, although I wouldn’t call the buildings beautiful. But the palace is quite … and well worth spending a day on. And then there are some wonderful churches and mosques.

4)It rains all the time, it’s quite … for that. Even in the middle of summer you are never certain that the sun will shine all day, so it’s difficult to make plans for any outdoor activities.

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4. Read the advertisement below for the Hope Valley and comment on the following:

-The location of the Hope Valley

-The activities to be done

-The advantages of traveling the green way

-Whether you would enjoy a place of this kind

The Peak District is the best-loved of Britain’s eleven national parks and the Hope Valley is especially popular with over 2 million visitors a year. It crosses an area known as the Dark Park dominated by crags and moors and intersected by sheltered, green valleys.

Why not travel through the Hope Valley and discover for yourself the spirit of the Peak District? Leave the car at home and travel the green way - by foot, by bike, by bus, by train and experience the quiet rural stations, the footpaths leading up into the hills and the freedom from congestion and traffic jams.

Take time to enjoy the dramatic limestone scenery. Explore some of Derbyshire’s prettiest villages, the quiet river valleys and rugged hillsides. Descend underground to visit one of Castleton’s show caves, come and watch the Derbyshire well dressing. Or simply relax and enjoy a pint in one of the Hope Valley’s excellent pubs and stop for Sunday lunch.

Contact the Hope Valley Tourism Association on 01433 621372 (Underleigh house,

Off Edale Road, Hope, Derbyshire S30 2RF) for further details.

5a. Write a similar advertisement for some place in your region or country. 5b. Bring two pictures or postcards showing some English or Russian (or any) scenery. Describe what there is in the pictures, what feelings you have about the views.

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6. Give advice to some friends coming to visit your city. Describe the place worth seeing. Give your reasons. Use the following expressions:

To give advice:

We could … and then…

Let’s start with ...

You should …/You’d better …

To give reasons:

I think you are right because … …that’s why I feel that… …and so I think that…

To ask for reasons:

Why do you think that…?

What makes you feel that…?

(See ‘List of Speech Acts’, p. 104)

Section II. Reading Comprehension

Text A. “The History of Gore-Tex”

1. Before reading the text, decide what these words have got in common.

Now read and translate the text.

The history of Gore-Tex started in 1958 when Wilbert Gore identified a market opportunity for polytetrafluoroethylene, or PTFE. This is better known to us as DuPont Teflon. His idea was to use it as insulation for electronic wires. Mr. Gore and his wife set up a shop in the basement of their home to make PTFE-insulated ribbon cables.

In 1969, Mr. Gore's son Bob discovered that PTFE could be stretched to form a strong, porous material. This discovery came after long experimentation using high temperature and a slow stretching technique. Perhaps in frustration,

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the high temperature and fast stretch production secret was discovered. The unique properties of this material have led to a wide variety of applications. It was patented and has the trademark GORE-TEX.

Gore-Tex expanded PTFE is chemically inert. It has a low friction coefficient, which means it is smooth to the touch. It functions over a wide temperature range and has good aging qualities. It is porous, air permeable, strong, hydrophobic, biocompatible and weather durable.

Gore-Tex is PTFE that has been processed into new physical forms. PTFE, or polytetrafluoroethylene, is a polymer called a perfluorocarbon resin. In perfluorocarbon resins, all of the carbon atoms in the backbone of the polymer chain are fully bonded to fluorine atoms. The carbon to fluorine bond (C-F bond) is such a strong bond that neither oxygen nor ultraviolet light are sufficiently energetic to break it. The strength of this bond is the source of chemical inertness and good aging properties. Gore-Tex has undergone tests that show it will last more than 100 years in outdoor exposure.

The production of ribbon cable was the first Gore commercial venture. Even though Wilbert Gore imagined his new material as an insulator for wires, now pure Gore-Tex wires are used in some situations. PTFE has outstanding electrical properties and is chemically inert. Gore-Tex, porous PTFE, retains the electrical properties of that material but is also lightweight. That is possible because electricity can move through the Gore-Tex as well as it moves through the air pockets in the Gore-Tex. These wires are lightweight and transmit electricity very fast and are used in aircraft and satellites. Gore wire and cable can withstand the heat of ignition and the cold of space. On the moon, the same cables are in seismic instruments and rock-collecting shovels.

These Gore products are truly space-age materials, and yet they are used in many earthbound ways. Gore cables enable computers to transmit signals at nearly the speed of light. They are used in computer printers, underground in oil

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drilling operations and undersea in submarines. They are also made into tiny forms for miniature brain probe cables.

2.Answer the following questions on the text.

1) How did the history of Gore-Tex start?

2) What unique properties of PTFE were discovered by Bob Gore? 3) What makes PTFE such an outstanding material?

4) What was the first commercial venture of Wilbert Gore? 5) Where and how is Gore-Tex used nowadays?

3.Match the italicized words in the text with the definitions below.

1)Being in a situation where someone or something is not protected from something unpleasant,

2)a quality or power that a substance has,

3)to start a company, organization, etc.,

4)the chemical force that holds atoms together in a molecule,

5)not producing a chemical reaction when combined with other substances,

6)to make food, materials, or goods ready to be used, for example by preserving or improving them in some way,

7)to be strong enough to remain unharmed by something such as great heat, cold, pressure etc.,

8)(about material) allowing water, gas etc. to pass through,

9)to become bigger or looser as a result of being pulled,

10)material used to stop electricity, sound, heat etc. from getting in or out.

4. Translate the following sentences into English.

1)Уилберт Гор предложил использовать политетрафторэтилен в качестве изоляционного материала для электропроводов.

2)В подвале своего дома мистер и миссис Гор открыли мастерскую по производству кабеля с ПТХЭ-изоляцией.

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3)После многочисленных экспериментов были открыты многие уникальные качества ПТХЭ.

4)Углефторовая связь настолько прочна, что ее не может разорвать ни кислород, ни облучение ультрафиолетом.

5)Политетрафторэтилен обладает выдающимися электрическими свойствами. Кроме того, он химически инертен.

6)Провода из чистого Гор-Текса используются в самолетах и орбитальных спутниках.

7)Провода из Гор-Текса способны вынести температуру зажигания и холод открытого космоса.

5. Complete the definitions below with the following standard international (SI) units and the people they are named after.

Units: Celsius, hertz, kelvin, ohm, pascal, volt, watt, newton, curie, amp. People: Anders Celsius, Heinrich Hertz, Lord Kelvin, Alessandro Volta, James Watt, Georg Ohm, Blaise Pascal, Sir Isaac Newton, Marie Curie, Andre

Marie Ampere.

1)A ______ is a unit of pressure equal to one newton per square metre. It's named after , a French scientist.

2)A ______ is a unit of force. It's named after _____________, an English mathematician.

3)______ is the temperature scale that has the freezing point of water as 0° C and the boiling point as 100° C. The scale was developed by a Swedish astronomer, _______________.

4)A ______ is an amount of electric power. It is equal to one joule per second. It's named after ________________, a Scottish engineer and inventor.

5)A ______ is a unit of electric force. It's named after_____________, an Italian physicist and pioneer in the study of electricity.

6)An ______ is a unit of electric current. It's named after __________, a French mathematician and physicist, a pioneer in electrodynamics.

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7)An ______ is a unit of electrical resistance named after ________________, a German physicist.

8)______ is the temperature scale that registers absolute zero (-273.15 C) as 0°K. It's named after ______________, a British scientist.

9)A ______ is a frequency equal to one cycle per second. It's named after

___________, a German physicist.

10)A _____________ is a unit of radioactivity. It's named after __________, a Polish-born chemist who discovered radioactivity in several elements.

6. Work in pairs. Discuss the following questions with your partner.

1)Which of the discoveries mentioned in exercise 5 has been the most important so far? Why?

2)Which discovery will have the most far reaching effects in the future? Why?

3)Which of the scientists mentioned in ex. 5 do you admire most? Why?

Text B. “The USA Science Centers”

1. Read and translate the text.

Silicon Valley is the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California, United States. The term originally referred to the region's large number of silicon chip innovators and manufacturers, but eventually came to refer to all the high-tech businesses in the area; it is now generally used as a metonym for the high-tech sector. Despite the development of other high-tech economic centers throughout the United States, Silicon Valley continues to be the leading high-tech hub because of its large number of cutting-edge entrepreneurs, engineers and venture capitalists. Geographically, Silicon Valley encompasses the northern part of the Santa Clara Valley and adjacent communities, though the term is often used when referring to the Santa Clara Valley as a whole.

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LANSCE (The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center) is the major experimental science facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), underpinning the Laboratory as a world-class scientific institution. At the heart of LANSCE is a powerful linear accelerator that accelerates protons to 84% the speed of light. When these protons strike a target of tungsten metal, neutrons are produced. Protons and neutrons are used in a wide range of applications that help the nation maintain its leadership role in many areas of science and technology. Research conducted at LANSCE helps to maintain the nation’s nuclear deterrent, counter the spread of weapons of mass destruction and lays the foundation for many of the products we use in our daily lives by supporting materials sciences and technology.

The National Space Science Data Center serves as the permanent archive for NASA space science mission data. "Space science" means astronomy and astrophysics, solar and space plasma physics, and planetary and lunar science. As permanent archive, NSSDC teams with NASA's discipline-specific space science "active archives" which provide access to data to researchers and, in some cases, to the general public.

NSSDC was first established at Goddard Space Flight Center in 1966. NSSDC's staff consists largely of physical scientists, computer scientists, analysts, programmers, and data technicians. Early in its life, NSSDC accumulated data primarily on 7-track and 9-track tape and on various photoproducts, and all data dissemination was via media replication and mailing. Starting in the mid1980's NSSDC received and disseminated increasing data volumes via electronic networks. Most network dissemination today is via WWW and FTP, and most offline data dissemination is via CD-ROM.

2. Answer the following questions on the text.

1)What did the term “Silicon Valley” originally refer to?

2)How is this term used now?

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3)Where is Silicon Valley located?

4)What kind of research is conducted at LANSCE?

5)What device is located at the heart of LANSCE?

6)What does the word “space science” mean?

7)When was NSSDC established?

8)How is data dissemination carried out at NSSDC today?

3.Using a dictionary, find the English definitions and the translations of the following words from the text. Make up 3-4 sentences of your own with any of these words.

Hub, cutting-edge, to encompass, adjacent, to underpin, linear accelerator, tungsten, deterrent, to counter, to lay the foundation for, dissemination, to disseminate, replication.

4.Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-F from the box below.

1) Geographically, Silicon Valley includes…

2) Nowadays the term “Silicon Valley” refers to…

3) The linear accelerator at LANSCE serves to…

4) Research conducted at LANSCE lays the foundation for…

5) The concept of “space science” includes…

6) NSSDC used to accumulate its data on…

A.accelerate protons to the speed close to that of light.

B.all high-tech sector.

C.tape and different photoproducts.

D.the north of the Santa Clara Valley and nearby territories.

E.astronomy and astrophysics, solar and space plasma physics, and planetary and lunar science.

F.many products we use in our everyday lives.

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