Учебно-методическое пособие НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА по английскому языку. 2 курс

7.The doctor examined the patient. The doctor listened to his heart.

8.These students spend much time in the vet clinic. They work as assistants there.

Exercise 11. Translate from English into Russian. Define the form of the Participle.

1.Any drug causing strong reaction must be taken only if the doctor has administered it.

2.Having explained everything, I want to tell you how sorry I am.

3.Hospitalizing a patient the doctor on duty examined him in the reception ward.

4.The operation made by this surgeon is very successful.

5.Having finished his homework he turned on the TV.

6.The problem concerning this disease is serious.

7.Having found some mistakes in their experiments, he reported about that to their scientific supervisor.

8.Having prevented the spread of inflammation, the surgeon saved the patient.

Exercise 12. Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the Participle.

1 . I cannot forget the story (to tell) by him. 2. Everybody noticed the progress (to make) by our group. 3. (to wait) in the reception room he hoped his pet would be fine. 4. We could hear the noise (to make) by them in the next room. 5. (to spend) twenty years abroad, he was happy to come home. 6. (to be) angry, my friend didn’t want to talk to me. 7. (to write) his first article he spent hours in the library. 8. (to say) that, he left the room. 9. (to do) his homework he called me. 10. My sister likes (to boil) eggs. 11. The girl (to write) on the blackboard is our best pupil. 12. Everything (to write) here is not right. 13. (to read) the story, she closed the book and put it on the shelf. 14. Students should always be attentive when (to listen) to the lecturer. 15. (to be) far away from home, she still felt part of the family.

Exercise 13. Replace the clause with the appropriate form of the Participle.

1.After the patient had suffered profuse external bleeding, he developed anaemia.

2.While the surgeon was performing the operation, he revealed the ulcer of the anterior (передний) wall of the stomach.

3.The dullness (приглушенность) which was revealed on percussion was associated with the pathologic changes in the left lung.

4.After the patient had been vaccinated, he recovered from the disease.

Exercise 14. Choose the appropriate Participle from those given in brackets:

1… the necessary fluid, we could continue our experiments.

a) having obtained; b) having been obtained; c) being obtained; 2. ….for a prolonged period of time, the animal made a complete recovery. a) being treated; b) having been treated; c) having treated;

3….by the physician, the patient was complaining of an acute pain in the substernal area (загрудинная область).

СЛОЖНОЕ ДОПОЛНЕНИЕ С ПРИЧАСТИЕМ/ THE OBJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION

(COMPLEX OBJECT)

Конструкция “Сложное дополнение”, которая рассматривалась в разделе конструкций с инфинитивом, может содержать в себе не инфинитив, а

причастие (Indefinite Participle Active или Past Participle). При этом сложное дополнение представляет собой конструкцию, в которой причастие находится в предикативных отношениях с существительным в общем падеже или местоимением в объектном падеже.

Например:

He could hear her breathing heavily in the next room.

Он слышал, как она тяжело дышала в соседней комнате.

В данном примере причастие breathing находится в предикативных отношениях с местоимением her , обозначающим того, кто производит это действие.

Конструкция “Сложное дополнение с причастием”, как и конструкция “Сложное дополнение с инфинитивом”, употребляется:

NB - Отличие конструкции «Сложное дополнение», содержащей инфинитив, от конструкции «Сложное дополнение» с причастием заключается в том, что причастие передает действие, одновременное с действием глаголасказуемого, а инфинитив передает законченное действие.

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САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПРИЧАСТНЫЙ ОБОРОТ/ THE NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION

Самостоятельный причастный оборот – это конструкция (оборот), в которой причастие находится в предикативных отношениях с существительным в общем падеже или местоимением в именительном падеже, при этом ни существительное, ни местоимение не являются подлежащим.

The door being open, we looked in.

Так как дверь была открыта, мы заглянули внутрь.

The letter having been written, he went out to post it.

Так как письмо было написано, он вышел, чтобы отправить его.

Самостоятельный причастный оборот на письме всегда выделяется запятой. Он может содержать любые формы причастий. В английском предложении оборот имеет синтаксическую функцию обстоятельства, а на русский язык он переводится придаточным предложением (времени, условия, причины). Например:

Time permitting, we’ll go for a walk.

Если время позволит, мы пойдем гулять. (Придаточное условия.)

The operation having been successful, the patient was sent home.

Так как результаты операция прошла успешно, пациент был отправлен домой. (Придаточное причины.)

The lecture being over, we went for a walk.

Когда закончилась лекция, мы пошли домой (Придаточное времени.)

The work completed, he went home.

Когда работа закончилась, он пошел домой. (Придаточное времени.)

Если самостоятельный причастный оборот выступает в функции сопутствующих обстоятельств, то он, как правило, переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением, вводимым словами «при этом», «причем», союзом «а»:

He turned and went away, we following him.

Он повернулся и ушел, а мы последовали за ним.

Vitamins are essential for our health, vitamin D being of vital importance.

Витамины имеют существенное значение для нашего здоровья, причем витамин D имеет жизненно-важное значение.

EXERCISES

Exercise 19. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.

1. The weather being cold, we decided to stay at home. 2. It being Sunday, we decided to have a rest. 3. The fuel exhausted, the car stopped. 4. The conference being over, the students went home. 5. Dinner being over, the students got back to work. 6. Circumstances permitting, we’ll start our experiments tomorrow.

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Exercise 20.Replace the clauses with the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.

Model: As the book was translated into Russian, it could be read by everyone. The book being translated into Russian, it could be read by everybody.

1. As we were given dictionaries, we managed to translate the article easily. 2. As soon as I have done my homework, I’ll go for a walk. 3. As soon as I have bought the book, I’ll start reading it. 4. As it was Sunday, the library was closed. 5. As the Professor was ill, the lecture was cancelled. 6. As the weather was fine, they went for a walk.

Exercise 21. Rephrase the following sentences using the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.

1. When the greetings were over, we started the conference. 2. The question was rather difficult to answer, and I asked for permission to think it over. 3. When she finished her test, she went straight home. 4. If mother permits us, we’ll get ready for the exam together. 5. When he accomplished his experiments, he made a report on his discovery. 6. When the exam was over, she called me to know the results.

NB Самостоятельный причастный оборот может начинаться с предлога, тогда он называется предложным самостоятельным причастным оборотом -

Prepositional Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.

The cat looked at the dog, with its back arched.

Кошка смотрела на собаку, выгнув спину.

Exercise 22. Translate from Russian into English paying attention to Prepositional Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.

1. She went into the operating room, with her heart beating fast. 2. She was listening to the lecturer, thoughtful, with her chin resting on her hand. 3. The girl ran away, with tears running down her cheeks. 4. He sat motionless, with his eyes fixed on the book. 5. She finished her report, with her cheeks burning and her hands trembling.

Exercise 23.Fill in the gaps with the appropriate form of the Participle for the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.

1. The abdominal pain … by nausea and vomiting of 20 hours’ duration, the pa-

2. There … permanent dryness in the mouth, nausea and constipation, the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis may be suggested.

a) being b) been c) having been

3. The severity of jaundice … , a considerably elevated amount of bilirubin was found in the blood on the following analysis.

a) increasing b) being increased c) having increased d)having been increased 4. The postoperative course was smooth for a week, no recurrence of bleeding … a) observed b) being observed c) having observed d) having been observed

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Exercise 24. Translate from English into Russian paying attention to the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.

1. Everything being ready, I ordered the assistants to begin the operation. 2. Liver transplant operations are most complicated, with more patients undergoing operation. 3. The amount of phosphorus being small in food, animals may develop general health impairment (ухудшение). 4. The patient developed severe haemorrhage, it being caused by perforated duodenal ulcer (прободная язва двенадцатиперстной кишки). 5. The disease may occur at all stages, it being less common in adults. 6. Jaundice being caused by obstruction, the bile (желчь) cannot pass to the intestines and the stools are of white color. 7. The period of survival was 6 months, with only one third of patients surviving longer. 8. Rupture of tissue may be associated with massive haemorrhage, with death occurring almost invariably.

Exercise 25. Translate from Russian into English, using the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.

1. Если погода позволит, мы пойдем гулять. 2. Так как было поздно, он пошел домой. 3. Так как все было готово, хирург пошел в операционную. 4. Когда домашнее задание было сделано, она стала читать книгу. 5. Когда все приготовления были закончены, мы начали эксперимент. 6. Когда боль усилилась, он решил вызвать врача. 7. Так как конференция закончилась, студенты пошли домой. 8. Так как боль была сильной, мы вызвали врача.

Exercise 26. Find the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. Translate the sentences.

1. The abdominal incision having been made and the stomach opened, the ulcer was found to involve the posterior wall of the stomach. 2. There being profuse external haemorrhage, the patient was immediately taken to the hospital. 3. The digestion being considerably impaired, the patient constantly complained of epigastric pains. 4. The patient having survived the operation well, the danger of complications was eliminated. 5. The patient suffering from a continuous bleeding, severe anaemia developed. 6. Digestion disturbances having been present for a long time, the patient was prescribed a strict diet without any fat. 7. There being no characteristic clinical manifestations of gastritis, the patient was allowed to vary the diet. 8. We performed many experiments, the last being the best.

Самостоятельный причастный оборот без причастия/ The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction without a participle

Иногда самостоятельный причастный оборот может употребляться без причастия. Такой оборот на русский язык, как правило, переводится придаточным предложением времени:

Breakfast over, he got back to his work. (The breakfast being over, he got back to his work)

Когда завтрак закончился, он вернулся к своей работе. 36

He went home, his heart full of strange emotions. (He went home, his heart being full of strange emotions).

Он пошел домой, его сердце переполняли странные чувства.

Exercise 27. Find the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. Translate the sentences.

1. The patient’s condition better, he was allowed to walk. 2. The procedure over, the nurse left the ward. 3. The surgeon out, I couldn’t talk to him. 4. The lecture over, we went home. 5. There he stood, with his back to the door. 6. The exam over, we sighed with relief.

REVISION

Exercise 28. Define form of the participle.

1.Having investigated the patient’s past history, the physician drew the conclusion that the patient was sensitive to antibiotics.

2.Having been treated for a prolonged period of time, the animal began to feel better.

3.Being asked some questions about the attack of the cardiac pain, the patient stated that it was particularly acute on physical exertion.

Exercise 29. Define form of the participle. Find The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.

1. When doing his homework, he doesn’t like to be disturbed. 2. Having been done carefully, his research project became the best. 3. This is my first article published abroad. 4. Many infectious diseases having been eliminated, the human life span became longer. 5. The puppy carried by a small boy gave a sharp yelp. 6. I can’t forget the story told by him. 7. The first animals domesticated by people were cats, dogs and horses, these animals being especially friendly to people. 8. The conference, being held in our city right now, is devoted to the problems of environmental protection. 9. Heaving read this book, I learned a lot. 10. Having been solved in the 19th century, this problem still attracts attention of modern scientists.

Exercise 30. Translate the following sentences. Define form of the participle. Find The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.

1. Examining the patient the physician found signs of fatigue, loss of weight and appetite. 2. The operation having been performed successfully, the condition of the patient improved. 3. Being ill, the professor did not deliver the lecture. 4. The operation over, the assistant began to clean the instruments. 5. Having made the diagnoses, the doctor prescribed some medications. 6. The diagnosis having been made, the dog was sent to the veterinary clinic for further examination. 7. The professor being ill, the lecture did not take place.

Exercise 31. Translate from Russian into English.

1.Я видел, как он переходит дорогу.

2.Я слушал, как бьется сердце пациента.

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3.Я наблюдал, как животное ест.

4.Прочитав книгу, он стал делать домашнюю работу.

5.Человек, сидящийзастолом, нашнаучныйруководитель(scientific supervisor).

6.Я хотела бы, чтобы мою собаку осмотрели.

7.Читая книгу о дикой природе Африки (Africa’s wildlife), я обнаружила много интересных фактов.

TEST A

I.Find the Participle or Participial construction. Define the construction and form of the Participle.

1.Giving a large number of illustrations, the author provided a basis for discussion.

2.None of the animals showed loss of weight following the surgery.

3.Ten of these patients are alive and well, the longest survival being 16 years.

4.I had my paper published in one of the scientific journals.

5.Being introduction to animal ecology, the book is suitable for all those interested in bio-ecology.

6.Being exposed to loud music over a long period of time, he got damage to his auditory nerve.

7.We used many procedures, the last being the best.

8.We had our hamster operated on yesterday.

II.Translate from English into Russian. Define Participial constructions.

1.Everything being ready, I ordered the assistant to start the operation.

2.Heart transplant operation has a long history, the first successful operation performed in South Africa by Dr. Bernard.

3.It is surprising how infrequently this procedure is used in clinics performing these operations.

4.While performing the experiments the researchers supported their theory.

5.With the procedures changing rapidly, we couldn’t get reliable results.

6.Will you have your dog examined tomorrow?

7.Hog cholera having affected many animals, the farm had great losses.

III.Translate from Russian into English using different forms of

Participle.

1.Я видел, как она отвечала у доски.

2.Так как конференция закончилась, студенты пошли домой.

3.Сделав домашнюю работу, она начала читать книгу.

4.Нашу собаку осмотрел ветеринар.

5.Работая над докладом, он проводит много времени в библиотеке.

6.Я наблюдал, как ветеринар осматривал мою кошку.

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TEST B

I. Find the Participle or Participial construction. Define the construction and form of the Participle.

1.The research using a combination of new approaches was carried out in this country.

2.The method being discussed right now has been developed in our lab.

3.When translated the paper was read by many doctors.

4.Having read the article, the student learned some new procedures.

5.Rupture of tissues may be associated with massive hemorrhage and death occurring almost invariably.

6.The kidneys are 3-4 inches long and 1-1.5 inches wide, the left kidney being a little longer and narrower than the left.

8.We watched him fixing the fracture.

II.Translate from English into Russian.

1.I saw him examining the patient.

2.The work having been done, the students went home.

3.Thorax is a very mobile region, the heart and lungs being in rhythmic pulsation.

4.For practical reasons the number of patients was limited to 30 in each group, the total number being 120.

5.With the conditions of the experiment changing fast, we were unable get reliable results.

6.Will you have your cat neutered tomorrow?

7.Foot-and-mouth disease spreading rapidly, the veterinarian must take preventive measures immediately.

III. Translate from Russian into English using different forms of the Participle.

1.Я видела, как он пишет тест.

2.Так как занятия закончились, студенты пошли домой.

3.Сделав домашнюю работу, они пошли гулять.

4.Нашу кошку вчера осмотрел ветеринар.

5.Работая над статьей, он прочитал много научных статей.

6.Я слышал, как они обсуждали мой доклад.

ГЕРУНДИЙ/ THE GERUND

Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, исторически образованная от отглагольного существительного. С течением времени глагольное существительное вербализовалось, т.е. приобрело черты глагола, сохранив при этом отдельные субстантивные черты (черты существительного). Герундий образуется добавлением суффикса -ing к основе глагола и его формы совпадают с формами причастия (за исключением Past Participle).

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Субстантивная природа герундия проявляется в следующем:

Форма Indefinite Gerund передает действие одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого:

He avoided making the same mistake again.

Он избегал делать одну и ту же ошибку.

Форма Perfect Gerund передает действие, которое произошло ранее действия, выраженного глаголом-сказуемым:

He admitted having made the mistake.

Он признал, что сделал эту ошибку.

NOTE: Предшествующее действие не всегда выражается формой Perfect Gerund. В отдельных случаях, а именно: после глаголов: remember, excuse,

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