Учебно-методическое пособие НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА по английскому языку. 2 курс

Exercise 42. Translate from Russian into English paying attention to for-to- Infinitive Construction.

1. It is very important for animals to be immunized. 2. There is no need for you to assist the surgeon. 3. It is good for you to know the symptoms of this disease. 4. I’m waiting for veterinarian to come and examine my guinea pig. 5. It is better for the patient to stay in the hospital for two more days. 6. There was nothing else for me to say to the pet owner. 7. It was difficult for us to understand what caused the exacerbation of rheumatic endocarditis. 8. It was difficult for a veterinarian to find the source of infection. 9. It was very useful for us to use a new method. 10. There is nothing for me to do here.

Exercise 43. Translate from Russian into English.

1. Нам трудно сделать эту работу в такой короткий срок. 2. Ему небезопасно работать с этим веществом. 3. Ей было легко перевести этот текст. 4. Ему полезно есть витамины.5. Чтобы нам использовать этот метод, его надо улучшить. 6. Мне легче провести операцию самой. 7. Этому студенту необходимо сдать экзамен по анатомии. 8. Нам было интересно получить такие результаты исследования (research). 9. Сейчас слишком поздно, чтобы мы начали это обсуждение.

REVISION

Exercise 44. Translate the following sentences and define the Infinitive Constructions.

1. This dog is likely to suffer from arthritis. 2. He is regarded to be the best surgeon in the clinic. 3. They seem to be planning a new set of experiments. 4. This discovery is considered to be of great importance for veterinary medicine. 6. The doctor happened to be at home. 7. He felt his blood freeze. 8. We didn’t expect him to be late for the lecture. 9. Professor Smith let his assistant perform the operation. 10. The animal was too excited for the doctor to examine it. 11. This cow seems to be suffering from vitamin deficiency. 12. It was important for a veterinarian to prescribe these animals a proper diet to escape vitamin deficiency. 13. Lactation tetany is known to be a highly fatal disease. 14. Vitamin B is believed to prevent polyneuritis. 15. Veterinarians know pneumonic pasteurellosis to be the common form of the disease in cattle in Europe.

Exercise 45. Translate the following sentences and define the Infinitive Constructions.

1. He wanted the veterinarian to examine his sick dog. 2. Some animals are found to be highly resistant to these bacteria. 3. The cause of the disease is said to be fungi. 4. The control measures appear to have given promising results. 5. We heard the professor speak about that at the lecture. 6. Foot-and-mouth disease is believed to be the most spread in this area. 7. I’d like you to examine this cow. 8. Microorganisms are known to enter the animal’s body through the respiratory and digestive tract. 9. A number of animals in affected herds seem to be in precancer-

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ous or subclinical phase of the disease. 10. This diagnostic method proved to be very effective.

Exercise 46. Translate the following sentences. Find constructions with the Infinitive. Define them.

1.To supply calves and piglets with vitamins is very important.

2.For calves to grow and develop rapidly, a farmer should provide due care and attention.

3.It is important for pharmaceutical industry to provide farmers with sufficient amount of vaccines.

4.The farmer wants the veterinarian to examine his cows.

5. Poultry farmers expect vaccination to prevent poultry from the bird flu. 6. If chickens are kept in separate cages the farmer can see each bird consume its ration.

14.Scientists believe the wild pigs to have been brought to North America by Columbus in 1493.

15.Scientists believe Columbus to have brought wild pigs to America.

Exercise 47. Translate from Russian into English using the Infinitive Constructions.

1.Вероятно, он пишет новую статью. Он работает над ней уже две недели.

2.Он оказался хорошим студентом.

3.Не разрешайте больным животным пить воду.

4.Я хочу, чтобы студенты поняли это грамматическое правило.

5.Я думаю, что он хороший зоотехник.

6.Мы не ожидали, что операция пройдет успешно.

7.Преподаватель хочет, чтобы мы больше читали по-английски.

8.Считается, что Луи Пастер является основателем современной микробиологии.

9.Вряд ли он станет главным врачом, ведь он закончил институт только два года назад.

10.Кажется, она хорошо говорит по-английски, вероятно, она изучала его в детстве.

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TEST A

I. Define functions of the Infinitive. Translate the sentences.

1.This book is an attempt to bring together new information available on the subject.

2.To understand the basic signs of this disease is a desire of every doctor.

3.Procedures to be used are developed.

4.Doctors perform these procedures in order to determine and diagnose this unknown disease.

5.To obtain as well as to interpret these specimens is very important.

6.The physician advised the patient to enter the hospital.

7.The data made the researches change their opinion.

II. Translate the sentence paying attention to the Complex Object and Complex Subject Сonstructions. Define them.

1.This academician is considered to be the founder of a new branch of surgery – cardio-surgery.

2.The evidence of gastric ulcer seemed to be confirmed by nausea and vomiting.

3.Too hot food is supposed to contribute to the development of gastritis.

4.Jaundice is known to be present in the diseases of the liver.

5.The cardiologist considered the electrocardiogram waves to have changed after the heart attack.

6.This patient is likely to be discharged in two days.

7.The doctor heard the heart beat.

8.The doctor made the patient lie down.

9.He seems to be ill.

10.The physician observed the patient’s appetite have been gradually improving since the administration of the adequate medication.

III.Translate from Russian into English.

1.Я хочу, чтобы вы проанализировали эти результаты.

2.Профессор разрешил мне провести операцию.

3.Эти результаты заставляют нас думать, что болезнь излечима (curable).

4.Они считают, что это оборудование надежное.

5.Известно, что антибиотики были открыты в 20 веке.

6.Казалось, эксперимент даст хорошие результаты.

7.Говорят, что он хороший врач.

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TEST B

I.Define functions of the Infinitive. Translate the sentences.

1.No doubt chronic gastritis is one of the diseases to be responsible for gastric carcinoma.

2.To reveal the early symptoms of malignant tumors is one of the measures contributing to the effective treatment.

3.The purpose of this book is to inform the practicing veterinarian on currently available information on this subject.

4.Approaches are worked out to clarify definitions of our discussion.

5.To prevent heart attacks remains an urgent problem.

6.The results make us believe that this technique is useful.

7.Let the children drink milk.

II.Translate the sentence paying attention to the Complex Object and Complex Subject Сonstructions. Define them.

1.I expected my pet to be operated on as soon as its temperature returned to normal.

2.The evidence of gastric ulcer seemed to be confirmed by nausea and vomiting.

3.The pain proved to be sharp on physical exertion.

4.Jaundice is known to be present in the diseases of the liver.

5.Clinical manifestations of gastritis proved to vary with the stage of its development.

6.This patient is likely to be discharged in two days.

7.I know this surgeon to perform operations successfully.

8.The doctor made the patient lie down.

9.I felt the pain become less.

10.This doctor expected the patient to undergo operation if therapeutic measures proved ineffective.

III. Translate from Russian into English.

1.Я хочу, чтобы вы выступили на конференции.

2.Эти наблюдения заставляют нас изменить наше мнение.

3.Профессор разрешим студентам осмотреть животное.

4.Они считают, что это надежный метод.

5.Известно, что ДНК (DNA) было расшифровано (to decipher) в 20 веке.

6.Оказалось, что в новой лаборатории есть современное оборудование.

7.Говорят, что он хороший хирург.

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ПРИЧАСТИЕ/ THE PARTICIPLE

Причастие – это неличная форма глагола, которая имеет признаки глагола и прилагательного.

ФОРМЫ И ФУНКЦИИ ПРИЧАСТИЯ

Форма Indefinite Participle (Active и Passive) передает действие, которое протекает одновременно с действием глагола-сказуемого.

Do you see the student sitting at the table?

Ты видишь студента, сидящего за столом?

That day we spent in the library reading for the exam.

Тот день мы провели в библиотеке, готовясь к экзамену.

Past Participle выражает действие, одновременное или предшествующее действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым.

The dog carried by the child was really cute.

Собака, которую нес мальчик, была очень милой.

He returned me a book left by me in the classroom two days ago.

Он вернул мне книгу, забытую в аудитории, два дня назад.

Perfect Participle (Active и Passive) передает действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым.

Having finished the lecture, he went to the Dean’s office.

Закончив лекцию, он пошел в кабинет декана.

Having done his homework, he started reading a book.

Сделав домашнюю работу, он начал читать книгу.

Предшествующее действие, однако, не всегда передается с помощью Perfect Participle. С некоторыми глаголами чувственного восприятия и движения: to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to look предшествующее действие передается

Indefinite Participle.

Hearing footsteps he went to open the door.

Услышав шаги, он пошел открывать дверь.

Причастие, как видно из таблицы, имеет особые формы для активного и пассивного залога.

The man writing a letter is my brother. (Indefinite Active)

Человек, пишущий письмо, мой брат.

Being written by Nobel Prize Winner, this article became very popular. (Indefi-

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nite Passive). Написанная Нобелевским лауреатом, эта статья стала очень популярной.

Having written the letter, he went to the post-office. (Perfect Active)

Написав письмо, он пошел на почту.

Having been written long ago, this book is still in great demand. (Perfect Passive). Написанная много времени назад, эта книга все еще пользуется спросом.

В предложении причастие в основном выполняет две синтаксические функ-

ции – определения (attribute) и обстоятельства (adverbial modifier).

(adverbial modifier of cause)

Так как манускрипт был написан давно, его невозможно было прочитать.

NB - Past Participle выполняет функцию обстоятельства, когда оно исполь-

зуется с союзами when, while, as if/as though, though, unless, if:

When asked to prepare a report, he agreed immediately. (adverbial modifier of time). Когда его попросили приготовить доклад, он сразу же согласился.

ПЕРЕВОД НА РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК ПРИЧАСТИЙ В ФУНКЦИИ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ

ACTIVE

РУССКИЙ ПЕРЕВОД ПРИЧАСТИЙ, ВЫСТУПАЮЩИХ ВФУНКЦИИ ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВА

NB - Present Participle “being” от глагола (to be) не используется как об-

стоятельство времени, вместо этого используется фраза с союзом while (when) или придаточное предложение:

When (while) in Moscow = (When I was in Moscow) I visited Kremlin.

Когда я был в Москве, я посетил Кремль

When a student I liked to play football (=when I was a student I liked to play football)

Когда я был студентом, я любил играть в футбол.

Но причастие “being” используется в причастных оборотах, выступающих в качестве обстоятельства причины:

Being tired (=as he was tired) he went home at once.

Будучи усталым (= так как он устал), он сразу же пошел домой.

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Translate sentences from English into Russian paying special attention to the function of the participle in the sentence. Define form of the Participle.

1. You can get the book recommended in the library. 2. He left the Academy at three o’clock, saying he would be back at five. 3. Having lived in this town for all his life, he knew it very well. 4. Having been well prepared for the discussion, he could answer all the questions. 5. Being checked with great care, his report didn’t contain any mistakes. 6. When writing an essay, we must use new words and phrases. 7. There are many wonderful books describing the life of animals on our planet. 8. A person bringing good news is always welcome.

Exercise 2. Translate the following participles from Russian into English. The model can help you pick up the right form of the Participle.

I. (A). покупающий (buying), покупая (buying), купленный (bought), поку-

паемый (being bought)

1. написанный; 2. принесенный; 3. спрошенный; 4. отвечая; 5. разговаривающий; 6. читаемый; 7. работающий; 8. расказзанный; 9. берущий; 10. потерянный; 11. стоя; 12. идущий; 13. смотрящий; 14. сделанный; 15. использованный.

II. (B)

1. разбитая чашка; 2. кипяченая вода; 3. кипящая вода; 4. забытый метод; 5. выбранная тема; 6. лающая собака; 7. собака; 8. написанное письмо; 9. переведенный рассказ; 10. смеющийся голос.

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Exercise 3. Translate the sentences paying attention to the form of Participle.

1. The boy lay sleeping when the doctor came. 2. The broken leg was examined by the doctor. 3. When examined, the boy couldn’t help crying. 4. The medicine prescribed by the doctor was bitter. 5. Being not well, she couldn’t go to the academy. 6. Being busy, she refused to talk to me. 7. I received a letter written by my mother. 8. She talked smiling at me.

Exercise 4. Open the brackets using the correct form of the Participle. Do not mix these:

interesting facts (интересные факты)

boring lessons (скучные занятия) exciting experience (увлекательный опыт)

1. A group of (excite) students welcomed their Rector. 2. During my vacation I came across some (interest) books. “Which ones?” – she asked me in an (interest) voice.3. That was one of the most (bore) lectures. 4. The (bore) students almost fell asleep. 4. She spoke about her experience on the farm in an (excite) voice. 5. Our practice on the farm was an (excite) experience.

Exercise 5. Open the brackets, choosing the appropriate form of the Participle.

1.The girl (writing, written) on the blackboard is our best student.

2.Everything (writing, written) here is right.

3.The book (writing, written) by this scientist became very popular.

4.Read the (translating, translated) sentence again, please.

5.She read the book (buying, bought) the day before.

6.Here is the letter (receiving, received) by me yesterday.

7.I thought the man (standing, stood) there was your brother.

8.The girl (examining, examined) the horse studies in our group.

Exercise 6. Translate the words in brackets.

1. The man (стоящий у окна) was out teacher last year. 2. (Сказав это) the man left the room. 3. (Проработав целый день в библиотеке) I felt very tired. 4. (Заметив меня) he came up to me.5. The girl (делающая доклад) is my sister. 6. (Не найдя нужной книги) I went to the library.

Exercise 7. Rephrase the sentences using Participles instead of clauses: Model: a) When the teacher discovered that most of the students were not ready

for the class, she became angry/ Discovering that most of the students were not ready for the class, the teacher became angry. b) As he had attended the conference he was expected to talk about it/ Having attended the conference, he was expected to talk about it.

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1. As she had read most of the night, she felt tired and sleepy. 2. As she hadn’t had any lunch she was very hungry. 3. When the surgeon discovered that instruments were not sterilized, he ordered his assistant to sterilize them immediately. 4. When the doctor discovered that the wound was serious, he decided to operate on the dog. 5. As he had vaccinated the herd, he was expected to report about it. 6. As he had seen the Professor before, he was expected to meet him at the station. 7. As the work had been done, we went home. 8. When the professor delivered the lecture, he showed us many diagrams.

Exercise 8. Replace the adverbial clauses of time by the Participle. Model: When you speak English, pay attention to your pronunciation.

(When) Speaking English, pay attention to your pronunciation.

1. Be careful when you are crossing the street. 2. When you are leaving the room, don’t forget to turn off the light. 3. When you work with animals, don’t forget my instructions. 4. When they were travelling in South Africa, they met many wild animals. 5. You must have much practice when you are learning to become a vet. 6. When you translate English texts, pay attention to participles. 7. When doctors treat patients, they use new methods. 8.

Exercise 9. Replace the attributive clauses by the Participle. Model: All the people who live in this house are students.

All the people living in this house are students.

1. The woman who is talking now is our teacher. 2. The equipment that stands in our laboratory is quite new. 3. The young man who helps the professor in his experiments studies at the evening department. 4. People who take books from the library must return them in time. 5. There are many students in our group who take part in the conference.

Exercise 10. Join sentences, using Participle, according to the model.

Model: He spends much time in the library. He reads a lot of books on medicine.

He spends much tome in the library reading a lot of books on medicine.

1.Doctors use many drugs. These drugs affect malignant tumors.

2.Medical scientists are developing new methods. New methods increase the effectiveness of treatment.

3.The weather has an effect on some people. They have cardiovascular disorders.

4.I know many researchers. They do similar work.

5.Doctors can detect pre-tumor conditions. Doctors examine patients.

6.The author provided a good basis for discussion. He gave a large number of illustrations.

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