Список основных союзов и союзных слов

after	после того как;
although	см. though;
and	и, а, но:
as	когда, в то время как; так как; хотя;
as...as	так же... как и;
as far as	поскольку, насколько;
as if (as though)	как будто, как если бы;
as long as (so long as)	(до тех пор) пока, если только, при условии что;
as soon as	как только
as though	см. as if;
as well as	так же, как (и);
because	потому что, так как;
before	прежде чем;
both... and	и... и, как... так и;
but	но, а, однако, тем не менее;
either... or	или... или;
for	так как, ибо; ввиду того, что;
hardly (scarcely)... when	едва только... как;
hence (thence)	следовательно;
how	как;
however	однако;
if	если, если бы; ли;
in case	если; в случае если;
in order	для того чтобы;
in order that	для того чтобы;
lest	чтобы не; как бы не;
neither... nor	ни... ни;
nevertheless	тем не менее;
no sooner... than	как только, едва только... как;
nor	и... не; также... не;
not only... but also	не только... но и;
notwithstanding	несмотря на;
now (that)	теперь когда, поскольку;
on condition (that)	при условии если;
once	раз уж, стоит только... как (и);
or	или, иначе;
(or) else	в противном случае, иначе;
otherwise	в противном случае, иначе;
provided (that)	при условии если;
providing (that)	при условии если;
seeing	поскольку, так как;
since	с тех пор как; так как; хотя;
so	так что, итак;
so as	чтобы, для того чтобы;
so long as	см. as long as;
so... that	так что;
still	тем не менее, все же;
supposing	если, предположим (что); допустим (что);
than	чем;
that	что;
that is why	вот почему; поэтому;
thence	см. hence
therefore	поэтому;
though although)	хотя, несмотря на; даже если бы; хотя бы;
thus	таким образом;
till (until)	до тех пор пока;
unless	если только не, разве только;
until	см. till;
what	что;
when	когда;
where	где;
whereas	тогда как; поскольку;
whether	ли;
which	который;
while	в то время как, пока;
who	кто, который;
whose	чей;
why	почему;
yet	тем не менее, все же.

Многозначность некоторых служебных слов

AS

1. as (Adverb) как

By applying the principles of elementary mechanics and making asumption that each molecule weighs exactly the same as another molecule of the same gas, the following equa­tion will be obtained.

as a rule как правило

As a rule the applied forces are considered to be known, since they may be determined from the conditions of the problem.

as usual как обычно

The conference on robots, as usual held in Detroit, demonstrated the rapid development of robot technology.

2. as (Adverb) как, в качестве

Prevailing geological theory views the origin of minerals (oil, precious metals, ores, etc.), as a single geological process which begins and terminates within a given epoch.

3. as ...as (Adverb) так же ...как

Even when it is at opposition, Mars is 150 times as far from us as the Moon (150 times as far ...as — в 150 раз дальше).

The electronic radio valve is comparatively old — it was invented as far back as 1904 (as far back as 1904 — еще в 1904 г.).

4. as (Conjunction) когда

As the sum of forces acting at a point becomes zero, the forces are said to be in equilibrium.

5. as (Conjunction) по мере того как

As each particle becomes heated it expands, becomes lighter than the remainder and rises, leaving room for other particles to move down and be heated in their turn.

6. as (Conjunction) так как

The atoms must cooperate in their relative movement as otherwise there is no space for an atom to move into.

7.as to, as for (Conjunction) относительно, что касается The question as to the most desirable conditions to be main­tained in summer in air-conditioned buildings is not yet satis­factorily answered.

FOR

1. for (Preposition) для, ради, за; переводится также дат. пад.

Grades of steel are available having properties adapted for resistance to corrosion.

The responsibility of a government for its programmes is unlimited.

Magnesium is a very light metal for which we find more and more uses.

2. for (Preposition) в течение, в продолжение

Space flights prove that it is possible for man to tolerate the conditions of space flight for prolonged periods.

for the first time в первый раз

On November 1, 1962, for the first time in history, an auto­matic interplanetary station, the "Mars-1" was launched from the Soviet Union in the direction of Mars.

3. for (Preposition) ибо; ввиду того, что

A liquid has a definite size, for it will fill a container to a certain level, forming a free surface, but it does not have a definite shape.

In studying nature systematically the scientist has to pro­ceed carefully for nature is full of surprises.

BEFORE

1. before (Preposition) до, перед

Shortly before the beginning of operation the machine was carefully inspected and checked.

2. before (Conjunction) до того как, перед тем как Shortly before the machine was set in operation, it was carefully inspected and checked.

AFTER

1. after (Preposition) после, за, через, спустя

If you look at the cloudless sky after midnight, you will notice a rather bright, reddish star. This is the planet Mars.

If a body returns to its original state after being slightly displaced, the equilibrium is known to be stable.

2. after (Conjunction) после того как

After the concept of temperature became understood, there were many centuries of scientific development before the real nature of heat was established.

SINCE

1. since (Preposition) с, после

The Weather Bureau usually finds it convenient to use a maximum or minimum thermometer which registers the high­est and lowest temperatures reached since the last setting.

since then с тех пор

The personal computer appeared in 1970. Since then the computer industry has reached into homes and small businesses around the world.

2. since (Conjunction) с тех пор как; так как; поскольку; хотя

Since the power station was opened it has operated continu­ously.

Since there is so much water, some people think that it is of little value or interest.

IT

1. it (Pronoun Personal) он, она, оно (о предметах).

The summer temperature at the equator of Mars does not exceed 25°C. and in winter, at the poles, it drops to 100°C. below zero and even more.

2. it (Pronoun Impersonal) (не переводится)

It is possible to observe sunrises and sunsets on Mars just as on the Earth.

The atom, it will be remembered, consists of a central nu­cleus around which electrons are revolving.

In many cases, especially when the temperature is relatively low, it would take a long time for the state of stability to occur.

3. it (входит в состав усилительного оборота it is(was) ...that — именно)

It is physics that has given us countless mechanical and electrical inventions of the modern world.

THAT

1.that (Pronoun Demonstrative) тот, та, то; этот, эта, это

The primary source of body heat is the food we eat, but the rate at which that heat is generated depends to a great extent on our activities.

2. that (Pronoun) (заменяет существительное во избежа­ние повторения)

Whether the temperature of a given object is raised or lowered due to radiation depends on the temperature of that object in comparison with that of the surrounding bodies.

Every machine wastes energy because of friction; conse­quently, the work put into the machine is always more than that obtained from it.

3.that (Conjunctive и Relative Pronoun) что; который (служит для введения придаточных предложений дополни­тельных, определительных, подлежащих, сказуемых, обстоя­тельственных).

Scientists determined that radium was breaking down into a number of elements the last of which was lead.

One of the peaceful applications of atomic energy is to move a steam or gas turbine that rotates an electric generator, thus converting atomic energy into electricity.

That a large amount of energy is liberated by even a speck of radium is known to most people.

Atomic energy is different from all other types of energy in that mass is converted into energy.

now that (Conjunctive) теперь, когда

Now that the three types of radioactive location have been discovered they can be described more fully.

4. that (входит в состав усилительного оборота it is(was) ...that — именно)

In our days it is no longer imperialism, but the world social­ist system with its ideals of peace and progress that is becom­ing the decisive factor in world development.

ONE

1. one (Numeral Cardinal) один

The mean distance from Mars to the Sun is 227 million kilo­metres, one and a half times the distance from the Earth to the Sun.

one of один из

One of the greatest problems thrown up by our era is that of outer space.

2. one (слово-заменитель, употребляется во избежание повторения ранее упомянутого существительного; не перево­дится):

Our planet is an incredibly beautiful one, from the heights of space it looks wonderful.

3. one (Pronoun Indefinite) (употребляется в неопределен­но-личных предложениях; не переводится):

It is an easy matter to calculate the thermal efficiency of a boiler if one knows the weight and temperature of the steam produced.

Список рекомендованої літератури:

1. Андрианова Л.Н., Багрова Н.Ю., Ершова Э.В. Английский язык для заочных

технических вузов. – М.: Высшая школа, 2007.

2. Людвигова Е.В. Учебник английского языка. – М.: Высшая школа, 2002.

3. Берман И.М. Грамматика английского языка. – К.: Вища школа, 2003.

4. Новицкая Т.М., Кучин Н.Д. Практическая грамматика английского языка. -М.: Высшая школа, 2000.

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