(классная обзорная вещь) NWC_Joint_Ops_Guide

NWC 3153H

THE UNITED STATES NAVAL WAR COLLEGE

Joint Military Operations

Reference Guide

"FORCES/CAPABILITIES HANDBOOK"

June 2003

U.S. NAVY

I . O R G A N I Z A T I O N

Designated Naval Component Commanders

PRESIDENT

SECDEF

SECNAV

CNO

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their homeport region to the Combatant Commander in their deployed region. During peacetime, these deployed groups conduct forward presence, training and engagement operations and exercises, normally assigned to an existing static Naval Task Force. During crisis, these groups are already forward deployed and prepared to respond, projecting sea power and presence as required. Often during crisis, additional forces are surged from homeports and combined with existing forward deployed Naval groups. Traditional Naval Group and Force organizations are described below:

An Amphibious Task Force (ATF) is a group of amphibious ships carrying a landing force to an amphibious landing and, following the landing, provides support to the landing force while ashore. Lacking significant defensive armament, an ATF could be imbedded within a SAG or CVBG as part of a Naval Expeditionary Task Force. An ATF would usually include helicopter carriers with USMC helicopters and AV-8B Harrier VSTOL aircraft assigned. These aircraft are trained for and used in the support of ground forces ashore. An ATF can lift a MEU or MEF(FWD) as required. Typical ATF composition would be: 3-36 LCC/LHA/LHD/LPD/LSD; 1 AOR/AO/AE; 2-3 DDG/FFG.

An Amphibious Readiness Group (ARG) is the naval force (ships) that transports and supports the Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU). (See USMC section for greater detail.) Frequently seen in the forward presence role, the ARG has no self-protection capability and very little (if any) strike capability. Types of ships are similar to those for the ATF, but are considerably fewer in number.

A Convoy Escort Group (CEG) consists of DD/DDG/FFG(s) tasked with protecting military and merchant convoys in transit. Composition of the CEG would depend on the primary threat to the convoy (e.g. air attack, surface or subsurface attack). Land base maritime patrol aircraft (MPA) and/or fighter cover may assist in the successful completion of a convoy mission. Typical CEG Composition would be: 1-2 DD/DDG/FFG.

Carrier Battle Force (CVBF). A CVBF is composed of several carriers and their escorts working together under a single commander. It is usually formed by the union of two or more Battle Groups and may easily number over fifteen ships.

Carrier Battle Group (CVBG). A CVBG has significant combat flexibility through the employment of the carrier air wing, surface combatants and support submarine(s). As such, the CVBG has a robust offensive and defensive capability in all warfare mission areas, with the possible exception of mine countermeasure warfare. A carrier's selfdefense capability, exclusive of the air wing, is limited to point defense systems such as the NATO Sea Sparrow Missile System (NSSMS), Close-in Weapon System (CIWS) and various ECM/ECCM systems. The composition (and subsequent tactical or theater disposition) of the battle group is designed to take into account the strengths and limitations of all the various platforms (air, surface, subsurface, maritime patrol aircraft (MPA, if available)). The combined effect of all individual units working as a team provides the necessary offensive and defensive capabilities to accomplish a maritime mission. Typical CVBG composition would be: 1 CV/CVN; 1-4 CG/CGN; 2-5 DD/DDG/FFG; 1 AOE; 1-2 SSN.

The Maritime Action Group (MAG), developed by 6th Fleet, may consist of two or more surface ships (usually a cruiser and destroyers/frigates), an attack submarine, and an alert P-3 aircraft. This naval force has impressive intelligence and communications capabilities and can provide substantial AW, USW, SUW and STW capabilities. Teaming the MAG with other systems(e.g. AWACS) generates a more potent task force.

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A Surface Action Group/Unit (SAG/SAU) is a naval formation of combatant ships which does not include an aircraft carrier. These would have cruisers (CGs), guided missile destroyers (DDGs), destroyers (DDs), and/or guided missile frigates (FFGs). This group lacks organic fixed-wing air support for USW and AW. Such a group would have USW helicopters aboard several ships for screening, targeting, and surveillance purposes. SAG/SAUs will range in number of ships and type of ships depending on the mission.

An Underway Replenishment Group (URG) is a group of supply ships capable of underway replenishment of naval ships at sea. These ships carry virtually any consumable or spare part. Their mission is to shuttle between port and the group they are supporting. Such ships have little self-defense capability and would be unescorted in only the most benign environments. It would be typical for the URG to be escorted by a SAG while en route to and from a ARG/CVBG. These Groups provide the sustainability to the front line vessels. Underway replenishment (UNREP) is accomplished via CONREP (connected replenishment or the horizontal movement of supplies between ships) and VERTREP (vertical replenishment, done by helo(s)). A CV/CVN may require replenishment every 2 ½ to 3 days (more frequently during periods of high sortie rates). Caught in a cycle of refueling-reloading-refueling in a 72 hour period, crew rest on these ships may occur only during transit times to/from rendezvous points. Typical URG composition might be: 1 AOE or 1 AO and 1 AE plus 1 AFS; 1-2 DDG/FFG. The figure below shows how shuttle ships resupply a battle group.

New Organization for Deployment and Combat

As the U.S. Navy has evolved from a “blue water” Navy to a joint fighting force, often conducting joint and combined operations in the littoral hot spots of the world, the traditional Naval Task Force structure is usually modified to become part of a Joint Task Force, usually specifically organized for a particular operation. Complete CVBGs, ARGs, SAGs and other units may be assigned to the Joint Task Force, as well as individual units assigned directly to the Joint Task Force. The Naval forces are normally assigned to two or more Joint Force Component Commanders, such as the Joint Force Maritime Component Commander (JFMCC) and Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC). It is within this Joint Force organization that most operations are conducted today.

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Adapting to the changing world environment and operational requirements, the U.S. Navy is reorganizing itself under a new concept titled "Sea Power 21", implemented by a Global Concept of Operations that will provide widely dispersed combat power from platforms possessing unprecedented warfighting capabilities. The Global Concept of Operations disperses combat striking power by creating additional independent additional operational groups capable of responding simultaneously around the world. This increase of combat power is possible because technological advancements are dramatically transforming the capability of our ships, submarines, and aircraft to act as power projection forces, netted together for expanded warfighting effect. Under this concept, Naval capability packages will be readily assembled from forward-deployed forces. These forces will be tailored to meet the mission needs of the Joint Force Commander, complementing other available joint assets. They will be sized to the magnitude of the task at hand. As a result, our Navy will be able to respond simultaneously to a broad continuum of contingencies and conflict, anywhere around the world. The Global Concept of Operations will employ a flexible force structure that includes:

The Carrier Strike Group (CSG) provides the full range of operational capabilities. The CSG remains the core of our Navy's warfighting strength. No other force package comes close to matching their sustained power projection ability, extended situational awareness, and combat survivability. Advanced technologies sustain this operational impact, even as carrier groups become lighter. The CSG has fewer surface combatants and submarines than the traditional carrier battle group, an acceptable risk when operating against transnational enemies that pose a limited at-sea threat to our operating forces. Increases in carrier air wing striking power offset the transfer of surface and submarine striking power to expeditionary striking groups. Using precision ordnance, the carrier-based air wings can hit hundreds of aim points per day for extended periods, generating unprecedented combat power.

An Expeditionary Strike Group (ESG) consists of amphibious ready groups augmented with strike-capable surface warships and submarines. Traditional ARGs are composed of 2,300 Marines with associated armor, artillery, aircraft, and vehicles embarked on amphibious assault ships, amphibious transport docks, and dock landing ships. An ESG will include these forces plus an appropriate number of surface combatants and a submarine. The addition of Ticonderoga (CG-47)-class guided-missile cruisers and Arleigh Burke (DDG-51)-class guided-missile destroyers arms the ESG with the organic air defense, undersea warfare, and strike capability required for operating independently in low-to-medium threat environments, thereby increasing the fleet's responsiveness and strategic impact.

The Missile-defense Surface Action Group (MD-SAG) increases international stability by providing security to allies and joint forces ashore. There will soon be nine MD-SAGs. At least two units of each group are Aegis ships loaded with missile defense weapons. A third ship, also preferably an Aegis combatant, provides additional striking power and defensive protection to the group. These MD-SAGs also serve as independent crisis-response forces that emphasize the precision-attack capability of their Tomahawk missiles.

The Guided Missile Submarines (SSGN(SOF)) is a specially modified Trident submarine that will provide (starting around 2007) covert striking power from cruise missiles and the insertion of Special Operations Forces. Four nuclear-powered missilefiring submarines will be converted to carry as many as 154 Tomahawk missiles each,

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and to embark special operations forces. These ships will also possess enhanced command-and-control connectivity.

The Combat Logistics Force (CLF) is a modern, enhanced-capability that sustains the widely dispersed fleet. The newer, more capable combat logistics force ships support the widely dispersed nature of future operations and the emphasis on sea basing of joint capabilities. These cargo and ammunition (T-AKE) and fast combat support (T-AOE) ships are crewed by Military Sealift Command civilian mariners, have upgraded material handling and transfer systems, and multipurpose convertible cargo holds for dry stores or ammunition. A heavy underway replenishment system doubles both delivery load weight and throughput rates of transfer, and an innovative electric-drive propulsion system provides increased electric power for auxiliary power needs.

These components of the fleet disperse and operate independently when facing transnational enemies, and combine to form expeditionary strike forces (ESF) that maximize offensive power and defensive protection when facing powerful regional actors that manifest serious anti-access capabilities.

The Global Concept of Operations will increase our striking power from the traditional 12 CVBGs, to 12 CSGs, 12 ESGs, and multiple MD-SAGs and SSGN(SOF)s. These groups will operate independently around the world to counter transnational threats and join together to form ESFs when engaged in regional conflict.

I I I . F U N C T I O N A L O P E R A T I O N A L A R E A S

Traditional Functional Areas:

Battle space Dominance — Control of the sea, air and land environment where we conduct operations. Control means ensuring effective transition from open ocean to littoral areas, and from sea to land and back, to accomplish the full range of potential missions.

Power Projection — to apply combat power ashore as required (e.g., amphibious assaults, carrier air strikes, missile/gunfire support).

Strategic Deterrence — a mobile and survivable nuclear force; a critical leg of our nation's strategic triad.

Force Sustainment — the ability to move, by sea, those forces and supplies required to support our national policies and objectives.

Command, Control and Surveillance — capabilities to promote efficient joint and combined operations, exploitation of information systems to provide commanders with immediate intelligence.

Fundamental Warfare Tasks:

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