English_books / lexis

5. Some people have a tendency to behave in a certain way. For example, teenagers have a tendency to drive too fast. What are some things that these people have a tendency to do?

politicians English teachers men

women

6. Which of the following can expand in size? Which can decrease or contract?

PUTTING WORDS INTO SENTENCES

Ten words have been selected from the original vocabulary list for closer study. These words and their related forms are listed below.

Activity 1

To account for means "to give an explanation or reason for something."

A businessman must account for his expenses while traveling /or his company. The accused thief couldn't account for his time on the day of the bank robbery.

Practice using account for in written sentences that combine the following word groups:

Activity 2

If a person is accountable for an action, then that person is responsible for the action.

The president is accountable for actions that affect the public.

Combine the information on the right with the appropriate person on the left, using to be accountable for in your sentences.

In a sentence that tells who requires the responsibility, the phrase "to hold accountable for" can be used.

The voters hold the president accountable for decisions that affect the public.

Using the above list, tell who holds the people on the left accountable.

Activity 3

To dominate has several meanings. One is "to have or exercise controlling power." Dominance means "importance, power, or controlling influence."

Read the following paragraph.

16 Lexis

(a) Mexico, like other Latin American countries, was a nation greatly influenced by foreign conquest, (b) The original inhabitants of Mexico were Indians of various tribes, the Aztecs being a dominant tribe, (c) The Spanish conqueror, Hernando Cortes, brought about the downfall of a strong civilization, which was followed by the dominance of the Spanish culture, especially in its language and customs, (d) Even though the conquered natives adopted the Spanish language, many of their Indian customs have been maintained to this day.

Restate the numbered sentences, using the words given. You may need to add words or change the word order to make the sentences logical and grammatical.

1.(Sentence a) conquerors . . . influenced Mexico

2.(Sentence b) Aztecs dominated

3.(Sentence c) the conquest of . . . Spanish culture dominated

4.(Sentence d) were conquered

Activity 4

To dominate generally refers to power, and to predominate refers to both power and to numbers. Use the information in Table 1.1 to describe immigration patterns, using the words and phrases given.

Table 1.1 Immigration to the United States by Country of Birth, 1971-1986 (in thousands)

Activity 5

To evolve means to develop gradually over a period of time. A thing evolves from something simple or basic into something more complex. The idea of evolution is usually associated with something living—people, animals, or plants. It can be used figuratively, as in "the evolution of the jet airplane."

English evolved from a basic Germanic dialect into a complex language of many dialects.

Linguists believe that gestures evolved into words and sounds.

Language Change and the Development of American Engjr

Look at the words and phrases below. First decide which evolves from something and which evolves into something else. Then write sentences in which you combine the words and phrases. In some cases they may be written two ways.

Read the following paragraph.

(a) A human being is a fascinating creature in that it evolves from a very small form of life, (b) Human life begins to form with the joining of the male sperm and the female ova. (c) The formation of a network of neurons is even more remarkable, resulting in the evolution of the brain.

Restate the numbered sentences, using the words given. You may need to add words or change the word order to make the sentences logical and grammatical.

1.(Sentence a) The evolutionary group . . . formation of

2.(Sentence b) The formative stages of life

3.(Sentence c) . . . is formed and evolves

4.(Sentence c) evolves

Use the facts below to formulate sentences with the information and word forms given.

Activity 8

Progress suggests forward motion. Like any forward motion, it can be stopped, slowed or facilitated (made easier).

A Jack of materials slowed the progress of the new building.

Restate the following sentences, using a form of progress. It can be used as a noun or a verb.

1.The student was improving his performance in mathematics.

2.The government provided more money to help advance medical research.

3.Bad weather slowed the advancement of the military troops.

Progressively means "over a period of time."

English changed as human knowledge became progressively more complex.

Notice that progressively is followed by a comparative form (more complex).

Answer the following questions, using progressively and the words in parenthe-

ses.

1. Why do people with fixed incomes have difficulty maintaining a standard of living? (more expensive)

2.How do you know if a fire engine is getting closer when you are driving along the street? (louder)

3.How do you know if a storm is developing in the sky? (darker)

4.Why would a doctor order a patient to enter a hospital? (worse)

Describe the progress made according to the test scores in Table 1.2, using the given forms of progress and where possible a descriptive adjective or adverb such as considerable/considerably, good/well, great/greatly, significant/significantly, rapid/rapidly, slow/slowly, steady/steadily.

Use the information in Table 1.3 to describe migratory patterns, using the given words and phrases below.

To be progressive means "to favor or to use new ideas."

The school is progressive because it uses the most modern ideas.

Write sentences using the given forms of reflect. You may have to change the word order to make logical and grammatical sentences.

1.mirror/yourself/reflection

2.color white/heat/reflect

3.windshield/glare/reflected

4.politicians/lying/reflects on/credibility

5.cheating/reflection on/student's character

To symbolize something and to represent something both mean "to stand for something." A symbo] is an object that represents something.

The dove symbolizes peace.

In chemistry or mathematics, a symbol can be a mark or a letter standing for a quality or a process.

H2O is the symbol for water.

Write sentences using the given forms of symbolize. You may have to change the word order to make logical and grammatical sentences.

1.Statue of Liberty/freedom/symbol of

2.ring/marriage/symbolize

3.$/symbolfor/

4.a crown/symbolically/royalty

To represent something can mean "to symbolize something" or "to be an example of something."

The BeatJes' music represents the music of the '60s.

Representation is "a likeness of."

The abstract painting seemed to be a representation of real-life objects.

Representative means "typical."

Queen Elizabeth's dialect is representative of the educated class in England.

Write sentences using the word groups below. You may have to change the word order to make logical and grammatical sentences.

1.Elvis Presley/represent/50s/rock and roll

2.hippies/long hair/dirty clothes/no shoes/representative of

3.generic terms/representative of/brand names

Activity 15

Read the paragraph below.

The American flag has thirteen stripes, which are red and white, and a field of 50 white stars on a blue background. The stripes are representative of the original colonies that were established when the Pilgrims came to America. The colors red, white, and blue stand for courage, liberty, and justice, respectively. The stars signify the fifty individual states of the United States. The American flag is one of the few flags that reflect the change in the size of a nation.

Answer the questions below, using the words in parentheses.

1.What do the stripes on the American Flag signify? (represent)

2.What do red, white, and blue stand for? (representative of)

3.What do the 50 stars stand for? (represented by)

Activity 1

Your instructor will dictate a paragraph about new words in the English dictionary. After you have written the paragraph, work with a partner to fill in words you may have missed or to correct grammar and spelling. When you and your partner believe your paragraphs are correct, compare them to the one printed at the back of the book. Make any necessary corrections.

Activity 2

Put the sentences below in chronological order. Use transitional words or phrases if needed between the sentences to form a paragraph.

1.After 407 A.D., Angles, Saxons, and Jutes overran England and brought a Germanic dialect.

2.English was influenced by the conquest of foreign powers.

3.In 1066, the French occupied England.

4.As a result of foreign domination, there are many synonymous words in English that have been borrowed from other languages.

5.The dialect of the Roman soldiers had an impact on the English language.

6.First, Britain was conquered by the Romans in 43 A.D.

7.Consequently, the vocabulary was supplemented with many French words.

Read the following paragraph as many times as you can in three minutes. Then with your book closed, rewrite as much of the information as you can remember.

The earliest human activity in Mexico can be traced back 40,000 years. Humans evolved from hunters to food collectors. This period was followed by an agricultural period during which village life expanded. The formation of societies progressed for the next eight centuries, called the Classic period, which saw the development and expansion of the Indian civilization. During the Postclassic period, Aztec Indians dominated, and they formed a capital city where Mexico City now stands. Today tourists can visit many historical sights that represent the early stages of Mexican history.

Using the facts below, write a paragraph in which you discuss the history of Mexico in terms of who or what groups of people conquered, occupied, or dominated the country at various periods of time.

Montezuma, fifth Aztec king, conquered the area surrounding Tenochtitlan (the capital of Mexico) and expanded his empire to the Gulf of Mexico

Spanish expeditions led by Hernando Cortes and Juan de Grijalva; Cortes conquered Aztec capital in 1521; expansion of Spanish rule to Guatemala and Honduras

Other areas occupied by Spanish explorers Occupation by Spanish government began Napoleon Bonaparte occupied Spain Mexicans won independence from Spain

French troops under Napoleon III occupied Mexico City Maximilian made emperor of Mexico by Napoleon

Mexican troops regained power; Maximilian executed; end of foreign domination

Identical twins (above) are virtually indistinguishable, while fraternal twins (below) are no more alike than ordinary siblings. Identical twins, Shanghai, courtesy Porterfield-Chickering/Photo Researchers. Fraternal twins courtesy Bruce Roberts/Photo Researchers.