Will - would (only in Present and Future) are used for expressing:
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1. Will, intention, determination. |
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I will help you anyway. 1 won't go there. |
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2. Polite request in ?sentences. |
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Will you bring me a cup of milk? (Polite request). Would you like some coffee? (Especially polite request). |
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3. An action which a lifeless thing fails to perform. |
3. |
The knife won V cut. The window wouldn 't open. |
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a modal verb |
a notional verb |
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1. Is used only in Present for expressing necessity in Present and Future. You needn 't hurry! Need we write in pencil? |
1. Means to have necessity in something. Present -need Past -needed Future- 11 need / needed this book badly yesterday. |
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1. The Perfect Infinitive used with need shows that an unnecessary action has been performed. He needn't have done this exercise in writing. |
1. Forms its interrogative and negative forms with do (does). Do you need any money? 1 don 4 need your help. |
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a modal verb |
a notional verb |
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t to have the courage or |
means impatience to do something |
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1. I dare say that you are not right. |
1. Neither I nor he dared to enter the house. |
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2. He dare not invite you to a dance. |
2. Did you dare to disobey the law? |
The Infinitive
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Tense-form |
Active Voice |
Passive Voice |
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Indefinite |
to write |
to be written |
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Continuous |
to be writing |
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Perfect |
to have written |
to have been written |
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Perfect-Continuous |
to have been writing |
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Functions |
Examples |
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Subject |
To speak much was not necessary. It was not necessary to speak much. |
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Predicate (part) |
His duty is to answer all the letters. He must answer all the letters. |
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Attribute |
Peter was the last to read the story. |
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Object |
She likes to write with a pencil. |
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Adverbial modifier |
She was too voung to study at school. |
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Constructions with the Infinitive |
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I_ Subjective Infinitive Construction (Complex Subject) |
Noun (in Common C.) 4- tn Inf |
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Per. Pr. in Nominative C. | |
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He was seen to leave the house in the mornine. | |
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2. Objective Infinitive Construction (Complex Object) |
N (Common C.) + (to) Inf. Pers. Pr. inObj.C. |
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I want him to come as soon as possible. | |
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3. For Phrases with the Infinitive |
N (Common C.) for +to Inf. Pers. Pr. inObj.C. |
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It was necessary for us to start immediately. | |
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4. Absolute Infinitive Construction |
N (Common C.) |
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Pers. Pr. in Nominative С | |
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He was offered to translate some stories; translation to be made in September. |
Remember!
J. He ... to leave is the complex subject to the predicate of the sentence was seen. Passive Predicates prevail in such sentences.
a). This construction is used with the verbs expressing permission, request
order: to allow, to order, to compel, to force, to request.
b). With the verbs of mental perceptions: to deny, to know, to mean, to believe...
c). With the verbs of saying and reporting: to say, to report, to inform
d). With the verbs to seem, to appear, to happen, to chance, to prove, to turn
out, which in this construction occur only in the Active Voice.
e). With the expressions to be (un)likelyt to be sure, to be certain. 2.The Objective Infinitive Construction is used:
after the verbs denoting perceptions of senses: to see, to hear, to feel, to watch, to observe, to notice ~b Infinitive without to;
after the verbs denoting wish, intention, emotions: to want, to wish, to desire, to (dis)like, to hate, to intend, should/would like;
after the verbs denoting mental activity: to consider, to believe, to think, to find, to know, to expect, to suppose;
after the verbs denoting order, request, permission, advice, compulsion: to order, to ask, to request, to allow, to permit, to advise, to recommend, to cause, to force.
! After the verbs to let, to make Infinitive is used without to! e.g. He made me speak French. Let it be so.
The Participle
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Forms |
V + ing |
V + ed/ III form |
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Tense |
Participle I |
Participle II |
Action |
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Indefinite (Active) In defin ite (Pass ive) |
writing being written |
written |
simultaneous (одночасна) |
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Perfect (Active) Perfect(Passive) |
having written having been written |
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prior (попередня) |
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Functions |
Participle I |
Participle II |
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Predicate (part) |
He is writing, a story. (Continuous tenses) |
The story was well written. (Passive voice) |
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left Attribute right Attribute |
A writing boy was seen through the window. The author writing this story worksat our office. |
He gave me a written exercise. The story written by him was translated into French. |
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Adverbial modifier |
Having written the story he left it at the editor. |
Unless checked the story must not be published. |
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Constructions |
Examples | ||
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I). The Absolute Participle |
The book being taken from me, I can't work any more. | ||
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N in Common C. + Participle (all forms are used) Pers. Pr. in Nominative C. | ||
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2). Prepositional introduced by withT without |
With only one person voting against, he was elected the monitor. (Never Perfect Participle is used!). | ||
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3). Adverbial v introduced by if, .when, while |
When looking through the book, I came across an interesting picture. | ||
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interesting picture. |
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4). The AccusativeParticiple Participle |
He didn't wish it mentioned |
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I shall have my photo taken. | |
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5). The Nominative Participle |
She was seen crossing the square. | ||
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N in Common C. |
(predicate) +PI | |
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Pers. Pr. in Nominative C. |
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6). The Objective Participle |
I saw him helping my mother. | ||
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N in Common C. |
+ PI | |
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Pers. Pr. in Objective С |
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