8.6. Active Voice – Действительный залог

INDEFINITE: 1)факт; 2)повторяемое действие.

(sometimes, often, seldom, usually, every day, always)

CONTINUOUS: обозначает действие, которое длится в указанный промежуток времени:

Be + Ving

PERFECT: обозначает действие, которое уже(already) свершилось, т.е. имеется результат.

Have + 3 ф. см. гл.

PERFECT-CONTINUOUS:

обозначает действие, которое началось когда-то, длилось до указанного времени и, возможно, будет длиться дальше:

Have been +Ving

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I форма глагола

+ I go to school {every day}.

Ho: He (She, It) goes to school.

- I do not go school.

Ho: He (She, It) does not go to school.

? Do you go to school? -Yes, I do/ No, I don’t.

Ho: Does he (she, it) go to school? – Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.

am, is, are + Ving

+ I am reading now.

- He is not reading now.

? Are you reading now? – Yes, I am./ No, I am not.

have/has + 3 ф. см. гл.

(действие совершилось, а время хронологическое не закончилось или не указывается вовсе).

+ I have translated the text. {this week}

- I have not translated the text yet.

? Have you translated the text? – Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t.

have/has been + Ving

+ I have been working for 2 hours (т.е. 2 часа назад начал работать, работал 2 часа и, возможно, буду работать дальше).

- I have not been working for 2 hours.

? Has he been working for 2 hours? –Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.

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II форма глагола

(NB! Помни о прави-льных и неправильных глаголах)

+ I went to the cinema yesterday.

- I didn’t go to the cinema yesterday.

? Did you go to the cinema yesterday? – Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.

was/were+ Ving

+I was reading from 3 to 4 o’clock yesterday.

- I was not reading from 3 to 4 o’clock yesterday.

? Were you reading from 3 to 4 o’clock yesterday? – Yes, I was./ No, I wasn’t.

had + 3 ф. см. гл.

(действие закончилось до другого прошедшего – Past Ind. – действия: «предпрошедшее»)

+ I had finished my work when my friend came.

- I had not finished my work when my friend came.

? Had you finished your work when your friend came? – Yes, I had/ No, I hadn’t.

had been + Ving

+ I had been working for 2 hours when my friend came (т.е. 2часа назад начал работать, работал 2 часа, когда друг пришел, и, возможно, буду работать дальше).

- I hadn’t been working for 2 hours when my friend came.

? Had you been working for 2 hours when your friend came? - Yes, I had./ No, I hadn’t.

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shall/will + I ф. см. гл.

(I, We)

+ I shall( I’ll) go to school tomorrow.

- I shall not go to school tomorrow.

? Will you go to school tomorrow? - Yes, I shall. / No, I shan’t.

NB! Shall not – shan’t

Will not – won’t

shall/will be + Ving

+ I’ll be working from 3 to 4 o’clock tomorrow.

- I shall not be working from 3 to 4 o’clock tomorrow.

? Will you be working from 3 to 4 o’clock tomorrow? – Yes, I shall. / No, I shan’t.

shall/will have+ 3 ф. см. гл.

(действие закончится до другого будущего действия – «предбудущее».)

+ I’ll have finished my work when my friend comes.

- I shall not have finished my work when my friend comes.

? Will you have finished your work when your friend comes? – Yes, I shall. / No, I shan’t.

shall/will have been + Ving

+ I’ll have been working for 2 hours when my friend comes (т.е. за 2 часа до прихода друга начну работать, буду работать уже 2 часа и, возможно, буду работать и дальше).

- I shall not have been working for 2 hours when my friend comes.

? Will you have been working for 2 hours when your friend comes? –Yes, I shall. / No, I shan’t.

Future-in-the-Past- Будущее с точки зрения прошедшего: shall → should; will → would: употребляется в сложноподчиненных предложениях согласно 2-му правилу согласования времен.