Political Theories for Students
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A
amnesty: An act of government by which pardons are granted to individuals or groups who have violated a law.
anarchism: The political theory that advocates all forms of government as wrong and unnecessary and promotes a society based on noncoercion and free from all forms of political authority.
antiquity: Ancient times, particularly any time before the Middle Ages (c. 450–c. 1500).
apartheid: The policy of political, social, and economic segregation and discrimination based on race. The political system in South Africa throughout most of the twentieth century.
Articles of Confederation: The compact made among the thirteen original U.S. colonies to form the basis of their government. Prepared in 1776, the Articles were adopted by all states in 1781. The Articles of Confederation provided for a relatively weak national government, leaving most power at the state level. They were replaced by the U.S. Constitution in 1789.
asceticism: The belief that extreme self–denial allows access to the divine.
atomism: The branch of political study that stems from the idea that institutions form only because of individuals.
Austrian School: A group of twentieth–century intellectuals who used economic arguments to defend classical liberalism.
Glossary
authoritarianism: A political theory based upon the idea of the concentration of power in a ruler or rulers who do not have a direct responsibility to the people they govern. The people, in turn, must offer complete obedience to the government.
autocracy: A system of government in which all authority and power is placed in one individual.
B
bolshevik: A member of an extreme faction within the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party that seized control of the government and ushered in the Soviet age. The bolshevik message was peace, land reform, and worker empowerment, expressed in the slogan, “Land, Peace, and Bread.”
bourgeoisie: The middle class consisting largely of businessmen and businesswomen; in Marxist theory, the bourgeoisie is opposed to the working class.
buddhism: A religion involving reincarnation, or a continuous cycle of rebirth, until the soul achieves the highest form of enlightenment, or nirvana.
bushido: Eastern term for a code of values and aesthetics followed by knights during the Middle Ages (c. 450–c. 1500).
C
caliph: The male leader of Islam.
capital: Wealth, including money and property.
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capitalism: An economic system based on private ownership of industries, and supply and demand, where suppliers sell products for profit and buyers determine which products they will purchase at what cost.
checks and balances: A system, particularly in government, where equal branches must cooperate with each other, oversee each other, and enforce and support each others’ decisions according to established rules.
chivalry: Western term for a code of values and aesthetics followed by knights during the Middle Ages (c. 450–c. 1500).
civic nationalism: Nationalist feelings and actions based on shared appreciation and respect for key political values.
collectivism: The system of control of production and distribution by the people together, supervised by a government.
communism: A political, economic, and social theory that promotes common ownership of property for the use of all citizens. All profits are to be equally distributed and prices on goods and services are usually set by the state.
compound federalism: A model of federalism where interdependent governments overlap in authority.
conservative: A political philosophy that generally favors state over federal action, and opposes regulation of the economy, extensive civil rights legislation, and federally funded social programs.
copperhead: In the United States during the Civil War, a person from the North who aligned himself or herself with the South.
Crusades: Religious wars waged from 1096 to 1291 by Christians to recapture the Holy Land (present day Palestine) from the Muslims.
Cultural Revolution: A series of reforms in China started by Mao Tse–tung in 1965 to eliminate opposition in China’s institutions and leadership. It brought about social and economic trouble.
despot: An oppressive ruler with absolute powers.
dystopia: A place or political state characterized by fear and dehumanization.
dual federalism: A model of federalism where different levels of government have separate spheres of authority; issues are either of national or state concern, and are mutually exclusive.
E
Enlightenment: A period during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries when European philosophers stressed the use of reason as the best method for learning the truth. During this time, also called the Age of Reason or the Age of Rationalism, extensive intellectual activity took place, including the publication of several encyclopedias and numerous treatises on philosophical, political, and social topics.
enracinement: A theory which suggests the existence of a mystical link between a country’s living and dead citizens, placing great emphasis on the importance of a nation to uphold the traditions and values of their ancestors.
ethnic nationalism: Nationalist feelings and actions based on concepts of shared ethnic identity.
eugenics: The science of improving hereditary qualities of a species or breed by controlling or altering genetic material.
European Union: A treaty–based organization of fifteen European nations that advocates political and economic cooperation. Includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.
executive branch: In the United States, the branch of government charged with administering the laws and policies of the nation or state. In contrast, the legislative and judicial branches of government have the respective powers of creating and interpreting the laws.
D
daimyo: Japanese term for a lord of the feudal system during the Middle Ages (c. 450–c. 1500).
demesne: Under the feudal system, the land a lord set aside for his own use.
democracy: A form of government in which the power lies in the hands of the people, who may govern directly, or govern indirectly by electing representatives.
F
fascism: An extreme political philosophy that holds nation and race above the individual, advocating a government with absolute power vested in the leader.
federalism: The system of government in which the power of government is distributed between a central authority and its constituent units (for example, states).
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Federalist Papers: A famous and influential series of articles believed to be written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. The Federalist Papers were published during the period that ratification of the U.S. Constitution was being debated, in an attempt to justify and explain the Constitution.
feudalism: A political and economic system practiced during the Middle Ages (c. 450–c. 1500), in which a lord governed and protected self–suffi- cient states. In return for the land and protection he offered peasants, or serfs, the serfs were expected to pay the lord fees-either money (taxes), services, or goods.
fief: A collection of several manors that was governed and protected by a lord under feudalism.
Fourierism: A form of socialism advocated by Charles Fourier that accepted a few of the tenets of capitalism, including some private property ownership. Fourierism called for a well–ordered agricultural society, one based on cooperation and gender equality.
Fourteen Points: U.S. President Woodrow Wilson’s version of a peace settlement for World War I, the speech emphasized the goals of the United States. The Fourteen Points were to have:open agreements among nations; freedom of the seas; free international trade; reduction of national armaments; impartial adjustment of colonial claims; evacuation of Russian territory; evacuation of Belgium; evacuation of French territory and the return of Alsace–Lorraine to France; readjustment of Italian frontiers; autonomy for Austria and Hungary; evacuation of Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro, and security for the Balkan states; self–determination of the peoples of the Turkish empire; independence for Poland; and formation of a general association of nations.
G
glasnost: In the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of openness regarding social problems.
globalization: The evolution of a substantial international economy which was the manifestation of international market transactions increasingly overtaking those that had been nation based.
government: The political and administrative system of a nation or state including legislative, executive, and judicial functions.
Great Leap Forward: A massive collectivization (government control) of agriculture and industry
under Mao Tse–tung, which brought economic failure and a two–year famine to China in the late 1950s.
Great Society: Term used by U.S. President Lyndon Johnson during his administration (1963–1969) to describe his vision of the United States as a land without prejudice or poverty, that would be made possible by implementing his series of social programs.
I
imperialism: The theory, policy, and practice of extending a nation’s power over new territories and their economies: individualism: A political theory advanced by anarchists that emphasized the emancipation of the individual from the political coercion of the state. Individualists believe that any time people are treated as collectives rather than different individuals, violence is done against them.
industrialization: The process of converting from an economy that is based primarily on agriculture and/or manual labor to one devoted to the manufacture of goods, with extensive use of heavy machinery.
J
jihad: A crusade, especially a Muslim spiritual war against nonbelievers.
judicial branch: The segment of government that protects citizens against excessive use of power by the executive or legislature and provides an impartial setting for the settlement of civil and criminal cases. In the United States, the judicial system is divided into state and federal courts with further divisions at those levels. State and federal courts are independent except that the Supreme Court of the United States may review state court decisions when a federal issue is involved.
junta: The group of military officials who rule a nation after overthrowing the previous regime.
K
Koran: The holy book of Islam, considered by Muslims to contain God’s revelations to the prophet Muhammad.
L
laissez faire: An economic theory that proposes that governments should not interfere in their
Glossary
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economies and that natural economic laws should guide the production and consumption of goods.
liberalism: A political philosophy that generally favors change and development of new ideas. Traditionally, U.S. liberals have pushed for political, economic, and social change to benefit individuals. In the twentieth century this has often included the expansion of the government’s role on the every day life of Americans.
libertarianism: A political philosophy that advocates the rights of individuals and property, a government’s obligation to protect property rights, and a limited constitution.
lebensraum: German for “living space,” this specifically refers to Hitler’s policy which advocated the eastward expansion of German territory.
legislative branch: The branch of government that makes or enacts laws. In the U.S. government, Congress is the legislative branch.
leninism: The political theory developed from Marxism by Vladimir Lenin, suggesting revolution by the working class.
M
Machiavellian: Characterized by cunning, duplicity, or bad faith in his or her attempts to gain political power. It is derived primarily from The Prince by Niccoló Machiavelli, which presents an amoral theory of governing.
Magna Carta: Signed by King John of England in 1215. Ensured personal liberty and asserted the rights of the individual; important to the development of the British constitutional system, or government based on written laws.
Marshall Plan: Formally known as the European Recovery Program, a joint project between the United States and most Western European nations under which $12.5 billion in U.S. loans and grants was expended to aid European recovery after World War II (1939–1945). Expenditures under the program, named for U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall, were made from fiscal years 1949 through 1952.
marxism: An economic and political system based on economic equality and cooperation instead of competition.
McCarthyism: In the United States, the anticommunist scare of the early 1950s. Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin headed a committee investigating communist influence in the United States from the late 1940s to the early 1950s. Begun as
a legitimate investigation, the committee began questioning individuals about their activities with little or no evidence that they had been involved in communist activities. The excesses of the committee and McCarthy created widespread suspicion and hysteria concerning national security. McCarthy was censured by the Senate in 1954 and the committee’s activities were severely restricted.
medieval: Relating to the Middle Ages (c. 450–c. 1500).
menshevik: A member of a faction of the Russian Social Democratic party who believed in the gradual development of socialism by legislative means rather than revolution.
mercantilism: An economic system that stresses the goals of the national government rather than the individual, developed in Europe as the feudal system declined. The main economic system in Europe during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, this system required the national government to strictly control businesses to meet certain objectives, such as exporting more goods to other countries than importing goods from other countries.
mercenary: A person who is hired to work for another, often as a soldier fighting for a foreign nation. The sole motivation for the individual is money.
Miranda rights: In the United States, police must tell a suspect during arrest that he or she has some given rights, even during arrest: “You have the right to remain silent; anything you say can and will be used against you in court. You have the right to consult with a lawyer; if you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be appointed for you.”
monarchy: A system of government in which ruling power is based upon heredity, as in a king or queen; powers can vary from absolute to in name only.
muckrakers: Journalists who use newspapers as a means of attacking injustice, exposing abuses, and circulating information about misconduct to the general public. The term was popularized in the late 1800s when some American journalists began to stray from reporting news events and started investigating and writing about prominent people and organizations. Concerned with exposing corruption in both business and politics, they helped raise awareness of social, economic, and political ills. Their work led to a number of reforms and legislative changes.
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mutualism: A theory put forth by Pierre–Joseph Proudhon that advocated the cooperation of industrial and agricultural communities and the commercial use of labor checks instead of money; labor checks, Proudhon thought, would represent how much labor went into the production of a given product, and thus would assure that the exchange rate of products would be determined by the labor they represent, to the benefit of the workers.
N
nation–state: The concept that territorial boundaries, political authority, and the composition of a population inhabiting a territory should coincide, theoretically with the population all belonging to the same homogeneous nation. Few nation–states actually fit this strict definition, since nearly all states in the twenty–first century are composed of a multiplicity of peoples from many national groups.
nationalism: Strong, sentimental feelings about one’s own country and a patriotic fervor directed toward advancing the national interest. Nationalism can be the driving philosophy behind social movements that can both infect and inspire large numbers of people living in the same geographical region to attack other groups or countries for the anticipated benefit of one’s own interests. By the 1700s, several countries, notably England, France, and Spain, had developed as “nation– states,” groups of people with a shared background who occupy a land that is governed independently.
Nazism: A political doctrine developed by the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. At first “Nazi,” which is an abbreviation for the name of the party, was considered a negative term; but eventually it was adopted by party members. It was based on three philosophies: extreme nationalism, anti–Semi- tism, and anticommunism.
neolithic revolution: The movement started in approximately 10,000 BC in which humans first implemented farming technology. The revolution led humans to settle and create political units capable of organizing political, administrative, economic, and military power on a large scale.
New Deal: The name given to U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt’s plan to save the American nation from the devastating effects of the Great Depression. His programs included direct aid to citizens
and a variety of employment and public works opportunities sponsored by the federal government. It began shortly after his inauguration in 1933.
nihilism: A belief in the necessity of destruction, especially of existing political or social institutions, for future growth and change.
nullification: A political doctrine which holds that state governments are sovereign in their own territory, and therefore have the ability to ignore and even block the enforcement of federal laws which they do not approve of. This controversial theory had many supporters in the early nineteenth century United States, but was largely discredited by the Civil War.
O
objectivism: The theory pioneered by novelist Ayn Rand that states individuals’ efforts and ability serve as the sole source of genuine achievement; all individuals’ highest moral end is their own happiness, and any notion of a group threatens all people as individual rights–bearers.
oligarchy: Any system of government in which a small elite group holds the ruling power.
P
perestroika: Mikhail Gorbachev’s policy of economic and governmental reform instituted in the 1980s when he was the leader of the Soviet Union.
phalanx: Also phalanstery. A group of the followers of Fourierism, living communally in a self–sus- taining environment.
polis: A small, independent, and distinctive political community or city in Ancient Greece.
polity A nation’s form of government.
populism: A belief in the rights, wisdom, and virtues of average citizens. A political philosophy that advocates on behalf of common people as opposed to favoring the interests of industry.
pork barrel: Funds appropriated for local projects that are not critically needed. As an example, members of the U.S. Congress generally do not question other members’ pork barrel legislation for fear their own local projects could be defeated.
primordialism: The concept that the quest for ethnic identity and solidarity is rooted physically in the human animal.
Glossary
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Prohibition: In the United States, the sale, manufacture, or transportation of alcoholic beverages was made illegal by constitutional provision between 1920 and 1933. The rapid repeal of this provision showed the unpopularity of this ban.
proletariat: The working class, especially those who do not produce their own goods.
Q
“Qu’est–ce qu’une nation?” (“What is a nation?”):
The landmark lecture given by Ernest Renan in 1882 which raised questions about the origins of nations and the nature of their identity.
R
Red Scare: A period during U.S. history (late 1940s to early 1950s) of great fear of communists, heightened by the actions of Senator Joseph McCarthy and his senate committee.
Renaissance: The European era from the end of the Middle Ages (c. 1500) to the beginning of modern times (c. 1750), characterized by a revival in art, philosophy, and literature.
S
samurai: A warrior class in feudal Japan, they ruled over local peasants and defended their manor houses.
Scramble for Africa: The conquest and partition of the African continent by numerous European nations which took place mainly in the nineteenth century.
sedition: Rebellion against a governing authority.
separation of powers: The cornerstone of U.S. government wherein power is divided among three branches of government—the executive, legislative, and judicial. Officials of each branch are selected differently, have different responsibilities, and serve different terms. The separation of power is not absolute, however, due to the system of checks and balances.
Shakers: A religious group founded in the 1770s which was characterized by communal living, separation by gender, and the sharing of resources. The Shakers were among the first in America to advocate pacifism, abolition of slavery, equality of the sexes, and communal ownership of goods.
social contract theory: An idea developed by Thomas Hobbes that civil government rests on the consent of the governed.
social darwinism: The theory that one gains advantage over others due to genetic superiority.
socialism: An economic and political system based on the idea of communal ownership of industry, either by the state or by the workers themselves.
spoils system: A system wherein elected officials award their supporters with appointments to federal jobs, often without any consideration given to the qualifications of the people thus appointed. Developed from the phrase “to the victor go the spoils.”
squadristi: Fascist squads, composed mainly of disillusioned Italian ex–servicemen, who increasingly took on a paramilitary role and favored the use threats and terror to achieve Mussolini’s goals.
squire: A knight in training, usually an adolescent of noble blood. In the feudal social rank the squire would rank just below the knight.
structural violence: Norwegian peace theorist Johann Galtung’s term for violence indirectly caused by oppressive social, political, and economic structures and discriminatory practices.
suffrage: The right to vote.
suzerain: A feudal lord to whom vassals had to pay allegiance and money or goods.
syndicalist: A follower of a political movement that advocates bringing industry and government under the control of labor unions. The goal is thought to be achievable through the use of strikes, sabotage, and other such actions.
T
territorial democracy: The theory that geographic divisions within a nation ensures a degree of neutrality and equality at the national and local levels.
theism: Belief in a higher power, such as a god or gods.
theocracy: A system of government in which the ruler or rulers are supposed to be governing by divine guidance.
totalitarianism: A political philosophy that advocates taking charge not only of the public life of the people, but also their personal and emotional lives.
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Treaty of Versailles: Peace agreement which officially ended World War II in 1919. Many historians feel that the harsh conditions the treaty imposed upon Germany were partly responsible for the rise of Hitler and the Nazis.
tyranny: An oppressive government in which absolute power is held by one individual.
U
ujamaa: A form of socialism implemented in Tanzania by Julius Nyerere in 1967. The policies included families moving into villages and sharing schools and hospitals.
utopia: An ideal or perfect place or political state; from the novel of the same name written by Sir Thomas More in 1516.
utopianism: Belief in a political system of an ideal society, in which men and women are treated equally, land is owned communally, politicians
are honest, and religious commonplace. Based upon the ideals presented by Sir Thomas More.
V
vassal: In the feudal system of the Middle Ages (c. 450–c. 1500), anyone who was under the protection of another and therefore owed and gave that person allegiance and payment of some kind for providing safety. Peasants were always vassals to a lord of a manor (a self–sufficient estate) or a feudal lord (a lord of several manors). A lord of a manor was himself a vassal to the feudal lord. Feudal lords then became vassals of kings.
vizier: A high–ranking official in a Muslim country, in particular the Ottoman Empire.
X
xenophobia: The fear or dislike of anything foreign, especially people.
Glossary
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A
Abortion, 69
Absolute Spirit, 371–372
Action Français (AF), 88 Adams, John, 114
Adrian IV, Pope, 285–286
AF (Action Français), 88 Africa
European imperialism, 165, 169, 234 Ghana, 247–249
independence movement, 236 legend of Kuaba, 287–288 nationalism, 236, 247–249 Organization of African Unity,
248–249 pacifism, 269–270
Pan–Africanism, 248–249 patron–client system, 282–284,
287–288, 294–296, 296–297 peacemaking, 272–273 socialism, 350–352, 357
See also Individual countries African Americans, 174–175
African National Congress (ANC), 352 Age of Enlightenment, 172, 188, 204,
231, 302
Agrarian populists, 303–304, 307, 309–310, 311–312
Albany Plan of Union, 113 Alexander the Great, 149 Alfarabi, 369
Alfonso Lopez, Jr., United States v.
(1995), 124
Althusius, Johannes, 112, 125 Anabaptists, 262
Anarchism, 1–19
anti–globalization movement, 16–17
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Index |
Bakunin, Mikhail, 10–11 |
Anarchy, State and Utopia (Nozick), |
banking, 4, 5, 10 |
398 |
Bookchin, Murray, 16 |
ANC (African National Congress), 352 |
collectivism, 3–4, 17 |
Ancient constitution, 194 |
communism, 11–12 |
Anderson, Benedict, 237–238 |
England, 2 |
ANI (Italian Nationalist Association), 90 |
environmentalism, 16 |
Animal Farm (Orwell), 54 |
family relationships, 9 |
Annapolis Convention of 1786, 115 |
feminism, 7, 13, 15–16 |
Anti–communism, 69, 74–76 |
Fourierism, 3–4 |
Anti–Federalists, 66–67, 114, 322 |
France, 4 |
Anti–globalization movement, 16–17 |
Germany, 6–7 |
Anti–nuclear movement, 268–269 |
Godwin, William, 2–3, 8 |
Anti–Semitism, 88, 92, 106 |
Goldman, Emma, 7, 12–13 |
Aquinas, Thomas, 22–24, 287, 369 |
individualism, 4, 7, 8–9, 13–14, |
Arab Socialism, 352–354, 357–358 |
17–18 |
Arafat, Yasser, 246 |
Kropotkin, Peter, 6, 11–12 |
Arendt, Hannah, 382–383 |
Landauer, Gustav, 6–7 |
Argentina, 291–292, 297–298, 310–311 |
mutualism, 4, 9–10 |
Aristotle, 319, 320, 324, 368 |
noncoercion, 8–14, 17, 18 |
Arthurian literature, 139 |
problems, 17–18 |
Articles of Confederation, 113, 126–127 |
Proudhon, Pierre–Joseph, 4, 9–10 |
Arusha Declaration on Socialism and |
Russia, 6, 12–13 |
Self–Reliance, 351–352 |
Sacco and Vanzetti trial, 7, 18 |
Ash, Timothy Garton, 125 |
socialist, 6, 10–11 |
Asia |
Spanish Civil War, 14–15 |
communism, 47, 49 |
Spooner, Lysander, 5–6, 9 |
European imperialism, 164–165, |
stereotypes, 18 |
168–169 |
student movement, 15 |
feudalism, 134–135 |
syndicalism, 6, 14–15 |
Jainism, 260 |
Tucker, Benjamin, 4, 6, 9 |
pacifism, 260–261 |
United States, 3–4, 4–6, 15 |
patron–client system, 290 |
U.S. Constitution, 9 |
socialism, 349–350 |
violence, 16–17, 18 |
See also Individual countries |
Warren, Josiah, 5, 8–9 |
Aswan Dam, 245 |
See also Communism; Marxism; |
Atatürk, Kemal, 243–244 |
Pacifism; Utopianism |
Atomic bomb, 275 |
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Augustine Bishop of Hippo, 254–255, 261 Australia, 348, 354–355
Austrian School of Economics, 201 Authoritarianism
Alfarabi, 369
ancient, 362–363, 367–369 Aquinas, Thomas, 369 Aristotle, 368
benevolent, 372 Brazil, 380–381 Christianity, 368–369
conditions that foster, 366 criticism, 381–384
Dante Alighieri, 369 defining, 366
Egypt, 362–363, 379–380
Frederick the Great, 364 Greece, 363, 367–368 Hegel, Frederick, 371–372 Hobbes, Thomas, 370–371 Iran, 364–365
Islam, 369
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 364–365
Lenin, Vladimir, 373 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 369–370 maintaining power, 370 Mesopotamia, 362–363 Middle Ages, 363–364, 369
Mohammad, Reza Pahlavi, 364
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 372–373 Plato, 367–368
Prussia, 364
Rome, 363
social contract, 370–371 theocracy, 364–365 Vargas, Getulio, 380 See also Totalitarianism
Autocracy. See Authoritarianism; Totalitarianism
Auyero, Javier, 297–298 ’Aziza, Lala, 260 Aztecs, 159–160
B
Babeuf, Franços–Noël, 399 Baetjer, Howard, Jr., 40 Bakunin, Mikhail, 6, 10–11 Balfour Declaration, 246 Balkans, 236
Banking, 4, 5, 10 Barres, Maurice, 88 Bastiat, Frederic, 197
Baum, Frank L., 314–315 Bay of Pigs incident, 58 Bellamy, Edward, 397
Bentham, Jeremy, 183, 186, 203, 288–289
Berger, Raoul, 126–127 Berlin, Isaiah, 190 Bernard of Clairvaux, 138
Bernstein, Eduard, 216
Biblical teachings and pacifism, 258–259
Bill of Rights, 67 Billig, Michael, 240 Biographical sketches
Althusius, Johannes, 125 Arendt, Hannah, 383 Aristotle, 320
’Aziza, Lala, 260 Bankunin, Mikhail, 11 Bastiat, Frederic, 197 Burke, Edmund, 66 Castro, Fidel, 59 Churchill, Winston, 74 Eleanor of Aquitaine, 135 Engels, Friedrich, 220 Genghis Khan, 155 Godwin, William, 3 Goldman, Emma, 13
Hayek, Friedrich A., 177, 203 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 232 Herzen, Aleksandr, 310 Hiawatha, 113
Hitler, Adolf, 103 Huxley, Aldous, 403 Jackson, Andrew, 303 Johnson, Lyndon B., 121 Kropotkin, Peter, 12 Locke, John, 195 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 326 Madison, James, 115 Mao Tse–tung, 56
Marie de France, 133 Marx, Karl, 213 Means, Russell, 206 Mill, John Stuart, 184 More, Thomas, 396 Mussolini, Benito, 99 Ne Win, 349–350
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 372 Perón, Juan, 291–292 Perot, H. Ross, 313 Plato, 389
Reagan, Ronald, 81
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 32, 118 Shaka Senzangakhona, 161–162 Smith, Adam, 26, 196
Spooner, Lysander, 5 Tokugawa, Ieyasu, 142 Wallace, George, 305–306 Wallace, Henry A., 142
Webb, Sidney and Beatrice Potter, 346
William the Conqueror, 141 Bismarck, Otto Von, 35
Black Book of Carmathen, The, 139 Blackmun, Harry, 123
Bolsheviks, 50–51, 222–225, 226 Book of Judges, 278–279 Bookchin, Murray, 16
Bramsted, E. K., 201–202
Brave New World (Huxley), 397–398
Brazil, 380–381 Breuilly, John, 240 Brezhnev, Leonid, 52–53
British Union of Fascists (BUF), 93 Brook Farm, 3–4, 392
Bryan, William Jennings, 308–309 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 383–384 Buchanan, James, 201
Buchanan, Pat, 306
Buckley, William F., Jr., 68, 69 Buddhism, 260–261
BUF (British Union of Fascists), 93 Bujold, Lois McMaster, 144
Burke, Edmund, 65, 66
Burma. See Myanmar Bushido, 134–135 Business management, 38
C
Calhoun, John C., 115–116
Campanella, Tommaso, 397 Canada, 121–122 Capitalism, 21–41
Aquinas, Thomas, 22–24
Baetjer, Howard, Jr., 40 business management, 38 class struggle, 49, 50 comparison of systems, 36–37 competition, 29, 39–40 contradiction of, 347–348 corporate business, 38–39 Darwinism, 27 decentralization, 28
distribution of wealth, 32–34, 39 elements of, 27–29
Germany, 34–35, 36–37 government’s role, 24–25 Great Britain, 35, 36–37 Great Depression, 31–33 imperialism, 166–167 individualism, 24–25, 27 Japan, 36–37
Keynes, John Maynard, 40 laissez–faire, 25–27, 32–33, 201,
208
liberal/conservative split, 33–34 Locke, John, 24–25
market economy, 27–28 market fluctuation, 40 markets, 21–22
Marxist criticism, 40, 49, 50, 218–219, 346–347
materialism, 37 morality, 37–38 non–profit sector, 31 problems, 38–40, 49, 50 profit, 29
property ownership, 24–25 relationship with democracy, 37 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 32–33 service economy, 30–31
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Smith, Adam, 25–27, 28 |
privacy, 323 |
Communist Manifesto, The |
supply and demand, 28–29 |
religion, 324–325 |
(Marx/Engels), 45, 49–50, 211, |
trickle down economics, 37, 72 |
Rome, 320–321 |
213, 214 |
United States, 29–34, 36–37 |
See also Liberal republicanism; |
Comparative religion, 189 |
welfare policies, 31, 32–34 |
Republicanism |
Compassionate conservatism, 80 |
See also Conservatism; Democracy; |
Clinton, Bill, 190, 246 |
Competition, economic, 25–26, 29, |
Liberalism |
Code of Nature (Morelly), 340 |
39–40 |
Capitalism: Opposing Viewpoints |
Cohn–Bendit, Daniel, 15 |
Compound federalism, 119 |
(Baetjer), 40 |
Cold War, 235–236 |
Condorcet, Marie Jean, 185–186 |
Carolingian era, 131 |
Collectivism, 3–4, 17, 346 |
Confederal federalism, 119 |
Case for Conservatism, A (Kekes), |
Colonialism. See Imperialism |
Conference of Berlin, 1884–1885, 234 |
71–72 |
Colonization, 24 |
Congo, 282 |
Casinos, Native American, 241–244 |
Comintern, 46 |
Conquest of Mexico (Prescott), 167 |
Castro, Fidel, 57–60 |
Comitatus, 130 |
Conservatism, 63–84 |
Catholics and conservatism, 69 |
Commerce |
abortion, 69 |
CBD (civilian–based defense), 270–271 |
classical republicanism, 323–324 |
anti–communism, 69, 74–76 |
CCP (Chinese Communist Party), 54–55 |
liberal republicanism, 334–335 |
Buckley, William F., 68, 69 |
Centralized federalism. See Unitary |
Commonwealth of Oceana (Harrington), |
Burke, Edmund, 65, 66 |
federalism |
397 |
Catholic/Protestant split, 69 |
Chamberlen, Peter, 45 |
Commune of Paris, The (Kropotkin), |
Churchill, Winston, 73, 74 |
Checks and balances, 332 |
11–12 |
civil rights movement and, 69 |
Chiang Kaishek, 55 |
Communes, Chinese, 56–57, 378 |
compassionate, 80 |
Chicago politics, 297 |
Communism, 43–62 |
elements of, 72 |
Chicago school economists, 189 |
anarchism, 11–12 |
Goldwater, Barry, 69–70 |
China |
Asia, 47, 49 |
Great Britain, 65, 73–74 |
communes, 56–57, 378 |
Castro, Fidel, 57–60 |
Hamilton, Alexander, 67–68 |
communism, 47, 49, 54–57 |
Chamberlen, Peter, 45 |
ideology, 33–34 |
Cultural Revolution, 57, 378–379 |
China, 47, 49, 54–57, 61 |
judicial appointments, 78–79 |
Great Leap Forward, 56–57, 378 |
collapse of Soviet, 53–54, 257, |
Kirk, Russell, 71 |
imperialism, 148, 149, 150–152 |
356–357 |
McCarthy, Joseph R., 74–76 |
Mongol empires, 154–156, 167 |
Cuba, 57–60 |
media bias, 77–78 |
Soviet/Chinese relations, 54–55, 57 |
Czechoslovakia, 48 |
neo–conservatism, 69 |
Tiananmen Square, 57, 257 |
democratic socialism, 50 |
New Right, 81–82 |
totalitarianism, 378–379 |
Deng Xiaoping, 57 |
patrician, 72 |
trade, 152 |
Dubcek, Alexander, 48 |
populism, 305–306 |
Warring States Period, 149 |
eastern Europe, 46–47 |
post World War II, 68–71 |
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 54–55 |
fascism, 96–97 |
Reagan, Ronald, 70–71, 80, 81 |
Chivalry, 132, 135, 138, 143 |
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 53–54 |
Southern, 71 |
Christian Right, 76–77 |
Khrushchev, Nikita, 48, 52 |
Supreme Court, 78–79 |
Christianity |
Korea, 48, 60–61 |
Thatcher, Margaret, 73–74, 80 |
authoritarianism, 368–369 |
Lenin, Vladimir, 46, 50–51 |
traditionalist/libertarian split, 71–72 |
feudalism, 132, 137 |
Mao Tse–tung, 47, 54–57 |
ultra–right, 76–77 |
Just War Theory, 255 |
Marx, Karl, 45–46, 49–50, 61–62 |
United States, 65–71, 74–79 |
liberalism, 188–189 |
Marxist, 11 |
universities, 69 |
libertarianism, 194 |
McCarthyism, 74–76 |
Vietnam War, 70 |
pacifism, 258–259 |
More, Sir Thomas, 44–45 |
Weaver, Richard M., 71 |
republicanism and, 321 |
Owen, Robert, 45 |
Welch, Robert, 76–77 |
use of force, 254–255 |
pacifism and the fall of, 257 |
See also Capitalism; Federalism; |
Churchill, Winston, 73, 74, 275 |
Plato, 44 |
Liberalism; Republicanism |
Cities, medieval, 321 |
problems, 61–62 |
Conservative Party (Great Britain), 65, |
City of the Sun (Campanella), 397 |
Red Scare, 69, 74–76 |
73–74 |
Civic nationalism, 233, 238–239, 249 |
reform, 48 |
Conspiracy of the Equals, 399 |
Civil associations, 333–334 |
socialism, 50, 341, 343 |
Constitution, U.S., 9, 113–114 |
Civil disobedience, 262–263 |
Soviet Union, 46–54, 61 |
Constitutional Convention, 173–174 |
Civil rights movement, 69, 265–267 |
Stalin, Joseph, 46–48, 51–52 |
Constitutional debates, 66–67 |
Civilian–based defense, 270–271 |
Stalinism, 51–52 |
Constitutions, 121 |
Clan mothers, 241 |
totalitarianism, 46 |
Constructed nationalism, 237–238 |
Class struggle, 49, 50, 218, 219–220, 455 |
utopian ideas, 44–45 |
Contract theory, 145 |
Classical liberalism. See Libertarianism |
violence, 61–62 |
Cooperative communities, 3–4 |
Classical republicanism |
Yugoslavia, 46, 47–48 |
Cooperative federalism, 120 |
Christianity and, 321 |
See also Marxism; Socialism; |
Cooptive federalism, 120 |
commerce, 323–324 |
Totalitarianism |
Corporate business, 38–39, 209, 335 |
Greece, 318–320, 327–329 |
Communist International, 226 |
Corporatism, 97 |
Index
P o l i t i c a l |
T h e o r i e s |
f o r |
S t u d e n t s |
4 1 9 |