Vocabulary notes:

to draw the conclusion – робити висновок

extract (v) – добувати

extractive (a) – добуваючий

leveling (n) – згладжування відмінностей

in proximity to – поблизу

to meet the requirements – задовільняти потреби

traversing (n) – поперечна зйомка

to keep in close touch with – підтримувати зв'язок

to touch upon (on) – зачипати

Exercises:

1. Answer the following questions:

1.Where can the students get mining education?

2.Do the students prefer a more general course or do they prefer a specialized one?

3. Will the future of mining depend on the activity of postgraduate courses or will it depend on the activity of colleges only?

4. Is the Mining Department of the University one of the foremost research mining schools in Great Britain?

5. What makes it possible the University to keep in close touch with new achievements in mining?

6. What types of laboratories are there at Nottingham University?

7. Will the students have practical work in survey camps or in the laboratories?

2. Define which sentences correspond to the text.

1.In Great Britain the students can get mining education only at special colleges.

2.The students prefer to take specialized courses in different branches of engineering.

3.There is a considerable increase in the number of students at the mining colleges.

4. The future of mining at the universities will depend upon the activity of postgraduate courses.

5. The students come to the University from abroad.

6. The training at the University is based on tutorial system only.

7. Laboratory work familiarizes the students with modern equipment and apparatuses.

8. It should be noted that at Nottingham there are three types of laboratories.

9. When the students study surveying they have practical work both in the field and in drawing classes.

12. Face mechanization in great britain

During the last half-century there has been a gradual change from the winning of coal by hand and by crude coal-cutting machines on ill-organized faces, to more scientific working by very efficient machines on carefully planed faces. These faces are worked by conventional methods on a rigid three-shift cycle. Approximately, 80 per cent of the output in Great Britain is obtained by that system.

The use of machines reduced the cost and expedited the driving of coal headings and other development work. Attempts were made to apply American methods and machines to British conditions for which they were unsuitable. At present, efforts are being made to prove that coal may be worked continuously with the cutting-loading machine and the conveyor in the same track between the coal-face and the last row of supports (the so-called "prop-free-front"). Coal getting and loading proceed without hindrance and the conveyor can be advanced after or during each strip without being dismantled.

Longwall advancing, longwall retreating, and room-and-pillar are the main methods of coal getting in Great Britain. The choice of the method to be adopted for working a seam depends upon many factors.

Notes:

approximately – приблизно

hindrance – перешкода

cycle – цикл

Exercises:

1. Answer the following questions:

1. What mining methods are used in Great Britain?

2. What attempts were made in mining industry of Great Britain?

3. What mining machines are employed in British mines?

4. What does the choice of the mining method depend upon?

5. What do you know about prop-free-front faces?

2. Put in the missing prepositions:

The advantages... electricity... any other source... power... use... the coal-face have become clear... past 25 years. The development... face mechanization owes much... the ability... this source... power. The comparatively rapid introduction... electricity... the coal-face has lead... the development... flame-proof equipment.

3. Retell the text.

13. MINE MANAGEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES

Coal mining in the United States is usually organized by office workers. They provide planning, safety, mine engineering, data on the quality of the coal, maintenance and labour relations. Office workers of a mine do not have direct authority over production personnel, they have no responsibility for production.

The mine manager has complete authority over and responsibility for the mine and coal preparation plant. Production from the working faces is under immediate responsibility of a section foreman. He coordinates the movements of the working face on his particular section or area of the coal mine. The mine manager is directly responsible for ventilation, power, projected haul distance, transportation, etc. Each section foreman informs the mine manager about his needs. The mine manager schedules the general work.

Transportation of men and coal falls into two areas of responsibility: that of the mine manager and of the section foreman. The chief electrician is responsible for all maintenance of underground equipment.

Notes:

safety – безпека

foreman – начальник відділу

chief – головний

inclination - відхілення