7. Purpose and meaning of mine surveying

A mining engineer should be well versed in the use of surveyor's maps and other graphic material, which is only possible if he properly understands the surveyor's methods of measurements, calculations and mapping. He should also be familiar with the methods of tackling the problems arising in the course of construction or mining. Thus, when supervising the drivage by approaching headings, the mining engineer should understand the method by which the surveyor had set the direction of headings, and put the surveyor's instructions into practice.

Mine surveying is an important subject for mining students, which has a direct bearing on their future work. Mine surveying is closely linked with other subjects taken up by the mining students, i.e. mathematics, geodesy, geology, descriptive geometry and mining. Mine surveying is a branch of the mining science and engineering dealing essentially with linear and dimensional measurements. This operation, known as mine surveying, is carried out for the purpose of:

a) graphic representation (plans or sections) of: underground workings, the mode of occurrence and geometric distribution of mineral properties; the surface above mineral bodies; existing structures and natural features on the surface.

b) solution of various problems in geometry brought about by the exploration, construction and mining. The study of processes involved in the strata and surface movement caused by mining operations is likewise included in surveying. Measures for protection of structures are also the responsibility of the mine surveyor. Surveys cover all phases of the mine development.

Notes:

arising in the course of construction - виникаючи в процесі будівництва

to put into practice - впроваджувати в життя

brought about - викликаних

Exercises:

1. Answer the following questions:

1.What should a mining engineer be well versed in?

2.What is mine surveying for mining students?

3.For what purposes is mine surveying carried out?

4.What subjects is mine surveying linked with?

5. What phases of the mining development do surveys cover?

2. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to Participle II:

1. When extracted coal is transported to the surface?

2.Mechanized methods of mineral extraction are widely used in our country.

3.The amount of coal extracted varies from mine to mine.

4.The iron ores mined in this district are of high quality.

5.The methods used are new.

6.In all mines visited new electronic computers are used.

7.The problem discussed dealt with safety in the mines.

3. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Великий внесок у гірську маркшейдерію був зроблений нашими вченими.

2. Досягнення сучасної науки та техніки знайшли також своє відображення у гірський маркшейдерії.

3. Точні інструменти використовуються для виміру дистанції при наземних зйомках.

4. Електронні прилади полегшують обчислення маркшейдера.

4. Retell the text.

8. MINERAL RESERVES CALCULATIONS

The term "reserves" defines the amount of the mineral in a deposit by weight or volume. The weight of the mineral is expressed in tons or kilograms; the volume, in cubic meters. For instance, coal, iron, manganese, lead, zinc, copper, etc. ores are expressed in tons; gold, platinum and some of the disseminated elements are shown in kilograms, quarries' products - in cubic meters. Ore reserves (with the exception of ferrous metal ores) are calculated separately for the ore tonnage and for the content of metal. The calculation of reserves and the study of the deposit are aimed at determination of:

1. the reserves below the earth's surface and their distribution by grades;

2. quality of mineral;

3. properties of the mineral from the technological point of view and the fields of its industrial application;

4. geological and engineering conditions for the proper selection of a mining method;

5. reliability of reserve calculations and study of the deposit to find proper application of the mineral for industrial needs.

Notes:

amount – кількість

weight – вага

volume – об’єм

quality - якість

Exercises:

1. Answer the following questions:

1. What does the term "reserves" define?

2. How is the weight of the mineral expressed?

3. How is the volume expressed?

4. How are ore reserves calculated?

5. Give some examples of mineral reserves calculation.

2. Define the main idea of the text.

3.Retell the text.

9. TYPES OF SURVEYING

Surveying is employed to measure and locate lines and angles on the surface of the earth. There two main types of surveys. Plane surveying is used when the earth's curvature is neglected. The effect of curvature is taken into account with the geodetic surveying which is used in the survey of a state or a country. Surveys are made for many purposes, such as the determination of areas, the fixing of boundary lines, and the plotting of maps.

Underground surveying is based on the same principle as land surveying. Mine surveys are made to establish the direction of workings. They are also used to determine the amount of material taken from the mine and the probable amount of available mineral.

Many new instruments are employed to facilitate the surveyor's work.

Notes:

to measure – вимірювати

to locate – розміщувати

angle – кут

curvature – викривлення

to take into account – брати до уваги

working - розробка

Exercises:

1. Answer the following questions:

1. Are surveys made for a variety of purposes?

2. Are there many types of surveying?

3. What are they?

4. What are the main principles of the types of surveying?

2. Get ready to retell the text "Types of Surveying".

10. COAL MINING IN OUR COUNTRY

Coal mining is one of the leading branches of the heavy industry of our country. The country has large deposits of high-grade coals which play an important part in the total consumption of all fuels. Coal is a raw material for the production of coke and other products on which industrial enterprises depend. The coal mining industry supplies the country with cheap fuel and electric power. The principal coal consumers are electric power stations, iron and steel industry and public service.

The main suppliers of coal are the Donbas, the Kuzbas, Karaganda, Ekibastuz (Kazakhstan) and other basins. The geological conditions оf these coal-fields are different, from very deep (глибокий) deposits in the Donetsk basin to nearly outcropping in Siberia.

The Donbas is the old coal mining region. It is rich in coal and iron ores which make it possible to develop the ferrous and non-ferrous industries. The main consumers of coal are the metallurgical industry, rail transport and power stations. Modern collieries with high annual and daily output are in operation and new mechanized mining enterprises are under construction in the Donbas.

The Kuznetsk Coal Basin is a modern industrial region which produces cooking coal. The coal production of the Kuznetsk Basin meets the requirements of the metallurgical and chemical industries. Large collieries and opencast mines are in operation in the basin.

The Karaganda Coal Basin has also large reserves of coal. The main consumers of coal are the metallurgical enterprises of Kazakhstan. Underground mines have modern machines, conveyers, electric locomotives and other reliable equipment.

In contrast to Karaganda’s underground mines, in the Ekibastuz Basin coal lies near the surface (noверхня) and the geological conditions are particularly favorable (сприятливий) for opencast mining there. Now the Ekibastuz Basin has powerful excavators, draglines, electric and diesel locomotives and other types of highly efficient equipment.

Technical progress in the coal mining industry, the increase in labour productivity are due to the achievements of our and world science and the efforts (зусилля) of our scientists, engineers and miners.

Notes:

iron ore - залізна руда

opencast mining - відкрита гірська разробка

oil field - родовище нафти

gas consumption - споживання газу

living standard - життєвий рівень

deposits - родовище

non-ferrous metallurgy - кольорова металургія

pig iron - чавун

cast iron - чавунний виливок

mine (n) - шахта, рудник

mining (n) - гірська справа

rich in - багатий будь-чим

recovery (n) - витяг (цінних компонентів при переробці корисних копалин)

Exercises:

1. Define the main idea of the text.

2. Answer the questions:

1.What is coal?

2. What useful minerals make it possible to develop the ferrous and non-ferrous industries in the Donbas?

3. What mining enterprises are in operation in the Kuznetsk Basin?

4. Where are the geological conditions particularly favourable for opencast mining?

5. What is technical progress in coal mining based on?

3. Translate into English.

високосортне вугілля, дешеве паливо (1), різноманітний (2), залізничний транспорт (3), відповідати вимогам (4), великі запаси вугілля (5), на противагу (чому-небудь), високоефективний (6).

4. Prove the following statements.

1.Coal plays an important part in the country's national economy.

2.In the Ekibastuz Coal Basin the geological conditions are favorable for opencast mining.

3. The Ekibastuz opencast mines are mechanized.

5. Retell the text.

11. MINING EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN

Now, let us touch upon the problem concerning mining education in Great Britain. As a rule, in Great Britain the students can get mining education at special colleges and at mining departments of universities. It should be noted that there is a considerable decrease in the number of students who attend the courses of mining engineering at colleges and universities. The students prefer a more general course to the specialized courses in electronics, electrical engineering, etc.

That is why the National Coal Board introduced mining scholarships to persons who have graduated in natural science and technology and will study mining as postgraduates. The future of mining at the universities will depend upon the activity of postgraduate courses because they train qualified specialists in mining.

For example, the Mining Department at the University of Nottingham ranks as one of the foremost teaching and research mining schools in Great Britain. The students come to the University from all parts of the country and from abroad. The close proximity of Nottingham to mines extracting coal and different metals makes it possible for the University to keep in close touch with new achievements in mining.

The aim of the training at the University is to give the student an understanding of applied science based on lectures, tutorial system, laboratory work and design classes. The laboratory work trains the students in accurate recording of observations, the drawing of logical conclusions and presentation of scientific reports. Besides, it gives the students an understanding of experimental methods of work and familiarizes them with the characteristics of engineering materials, equipment and machines.

At Nottingham there are two types of laboratories, general and specialized. General laboratories deal with the fundamentals of engineering science and specialized ones study the more specialized problems in different branches of engineering.

During the final two years of his course the student will get a comprehensive training in surveying. Practical work both in the field and in drawing classes will form an important part of this course. Besides, the students will have practical work in survey camps during two weeks. The equipment available for carrying out traversing, levelling, tacheometric, and astronomical surveying is of the latest design.

The practical and laboratory work throughout the three or four years of study forms a very important part of the course and students must obtain the required standard in their laboratory course work before they pass from year to year and finally graduate.

Notes

the National Coal Board - Національна Рада по вугіллю (Великобританія),

scholarship - стипендія (звичайна заохочувальна),

ranks as one of the foremost ... mining schools - рахується однією з головних гірських шкіл,

tutorial system - система прикріплення студентів до окремих консультантів (в університетах)