- •1,The Old Germanic languages, their classification and principal features.
- •2. The origin of the English Language
- •3.The chronological division of the history of English
- •4. The English speaking world, varieties of English
- •12. The oe noun system & its further changes.
- •13.The oe adjectives & its further development in me
- •14.Degrees of comparison in oe. & their futher development.
- •16. Changes in vocabulary in New e.(1500-1800)
- •18. Strong Verbs.300 in oe.
- •21. The rise of the perfect forms.
- •22. The rise of the passive forms.
- •23. The oe vocabulary its etymological characteristics.
- •24. Main types of word-form In oe.
- •25. The influence of french on english
- •26. Scandinavian(900 words)
- •27. Latin influence
- •28. Main peculiarities of oe poetry.
- •29. Grimm’s law
- •30. Verner’s Law
- •31. Reduction of unstressed inflections and its impact on the grammatical structure of e.
- •32.Chaucer&his Canterbury Tales
- •33.The rise of articles
- •34.Major spelling changes in me
- •35.Th root-stem declension in oe&its survivals in Modern e.
- •36.The rise of do-forms
- •37. The rise of the future forms.
- •38. Gram. Agreement and government.
- •39. Non-finite forms & development.
- •40. Forms of negotiation in oe.
21. The rise of the perfect forms.
The main source of the Perf form was the OE possessive construction, consisting of the verb habban (NE have), a direct object & Part II of a transitive verb. The meaning of the contruction was: a person (the subject) posessed a thing (the object), which was charact. by a certain state resulting from a previous action(the participle). The participle, like other attributes, agreed with the noun-object in Number, Gender & Case.
The other source of the Perf forms was the OE phrase consist. of the link-verb beon & Part II of intransitive verbs.
The participles had lost their forms of agreement with the noun, the places of the object & the participle in the contsruction with haven changed: the Participle usually stood close to the verb have & was followed by the object which refferd now to the analytical form as a whole – instead of being governed by have. In the Perf form the auxiliary have had lost the meaning of possession & was used with all kinds of verbs, without restriction
For a long timePerf forms were used as synonyms of the Simple Past.
22. The rise of the passive forms.
The analytical passive forms developed from OE verb phrases consisting of OE beon (NE be) & weoröan (become) & Part II of transitive verbs. OE beon was used as a link-verb with a predicate expressed by Part II to denote a state resulting from a previous action, while the construction with OE weorböan indicated the transition into the state expressed by the participle. The participle, which served as predicative to these verbs, in OE agreed with the subject in number & gender. Now it could express not only a state but also an action. The new Pass forms had a regular means of indicating the doer of the action or the instrument with the help of which it was performed.
In Early NE P.Voice.Continued to extend its application.
P.f. began to be built from verbs associated with dif. Kinds of objects. In the beginning it was common for impersonal sentences 18, 19th cent. – high productivity of P.Voice soon continued its new verb paradigm – Gerund and the Continuous.
23. The oe vocabulary its etymological characteristics.
The OE vocab. was almost purely Germ.;except for a small number of borrowings, it consisted of native words inherited from PG or formed from native roots & affixes. Native OE words can be subdivided into etymological layers coming from dif. Hist. periods. The 3 main layers are: com. Ind.Euor. words, com.Germ.words,specifically OE words. Words belonging to the com. IE layer constitute the oldest part of the OE vocab.we find names of some natural phenomena, plants & anim, agric. terms, names of part of the human body, terms of kingship, verbs denote the basis activities of man, adj-s of most essential qualities, this layer includes pers. and demonstartive pronouns & most numerals.(twa-two,beaan-to be,mone-moon,min-my,sunu-son)The common Germ. layer incl. words which are shared by most Germ. languages, but do not occur outside the group.
Semantic-ly these words are connected with nature, sea & everyday life. The 3rd etymological layer of native words can be defined as specially OE, that is words which do not occur in other Germ. or non-Germ. lang. They’re few, if we incl. here only the words whose roots haven’t been found outside Eng.(brid-bird,hlaford,made of half-loaf)