Battery

1. A battery is one or more electrochemical cells, which store chemical energy and make it available as electric current. There are many types of electrical cells, including galvanic cells, electronic cells, fuel cells, flow cells and voltanic cells. Strictly, an electrical battery is two or more cells connected together, but often a single cell is called battery.

2. Battery characteristics may vary due to many factors including internal chemistry, current drain and temperature.

3. There are 2 types of batteries: primary (disposable) and secondary (rechargeable), both of which convert chemical energy to electrical energy. Primary batteries can only be used once because they use up their chemicals in an irreversible reaction. Secondary batteries can be recharged because the chemical reactions they use are reversible. They can be charged and discharged many times before wearing out. After wearing out some batteries can be recycled.

4. Although an early form of battery may have been used in antiquity, the modern development of batteries started with the Voltanic pile, invented by the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in 1800. Since then, batteries have gained popularity as they became portable and useful for many purposes.

5. The widespread use of batteries has created many environmental concerns, such as toxic metal pollution. Many reclamation companies recycle batteries going into landfills. Generally, battery life can be prolonged by storing the battery in cool and using it at an appropriate current.

Задание 9. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is battery?

2. How many types of butteries do you know? What are they?

3. Where is the battery used?

Вариант 4

Задание 1. Перепишите предложения. Замените модальные глаголы их эквивалентами и поставьте их в прошедшую и будущую форму времени Simple, активного залога; определите функцию модального глагола и переведите предложение.

1. I can give you my book for a couple of days.

2. You must respect your parents.

3. If you have done your work you may go for a walk.

Задание 2. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, определите его форму и функцию.

1. Here are some tablets to relieve your headache.

2. To prolong this discussion is to waste time.

3. Mary asked the waiter to bring her some tea.

Задание 3. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, подчеркните и определите тип инфинитивного оборота.

1. These documents do not seem to be finished.

2. Men know cosmic rays to be nuclear particles of very high energy which strike the earth from outer space.

3. I happened to be in the office when he came.

Задание 4. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, подчеркните причастия I и II; определите их формы и функции.

1. Not knowing the address he lost his way.

2. A line seen through this crystal looks double.

3. A word spoken in time may have very important results.

Задание 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, укажите тип причастного оборота.

1. This being understood the conference was over.

2. The cathode heated, the electrons leave the surface and move to the anode.

3. Electrons moving through wire, electrical energy generated.

Задание 6. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Подчеркните герундий, определите его форму и функцию.

1. She approached without my seeing her.

2. My trying to convince him is of no use.

3. They accuse him of having robbed the house.

Задание 7. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на правило согласования времен.

1. She said that her mother was a doctor.

2. I heard that he bought a new car.

3. We supposed that he would send us a letter.

Задание 8. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

Radio

1. Radio is the transmission of signals, by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space.

2. Information is carried by systematically changing some property of the radiated waves, such as amplitude, frequency, or (more recently) phase. When the radio waves pass an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. This can be detected and transformed into sound or other signals that carry information.

3. James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish scientist developed the theoretical basis for explaining electromagnetism. He predicted that electric and magnetic fields can couple together to form electromagnetic waves.

4. In 1893, Nicola Tesla, in America, first demonstrated the feasibility of wireless communications. Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian inventor, was one of the first to develop workable commercial radio communication. It is supposed that he sent and received his first radio signal in Italy in 1895.

5. Originally, radio or radiotelegraphy was called “wireless telegraphy”, which was shortened to “wireless”. In recent years the term “wireless” has gained renewed popularity through the rapid grows of short-range computer networking. Early uses of radio were for sending telegraphic message using Morse code between ships and land. Radio was used to pass on orders and communications between armies and navies on both sides in World War I. Today, radio takes many forms including wireless networks and mobile communications of all types, as well as radio broadcasting.

Задание 9. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is radio?

2. What did Guglielmo Marconi do?

3. What are the uses of radio?

Вариант 5

Задание 1. Перепишите предложения. Замените модальные глаголы их эквивалентами и поставьте их в прошедшую и будущую форму времени Simple, активного залога; определите функцию модального глагола и переведите предложение.

1. His little sister can walk already.

2. You must not argue with the boss.

3. Don’t go to the wood alone, you may lose your way.

Задание 2. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, определите его форму и функцию.

1. I like to study electronics.

2. Nature has many secrets to be discovered yet.

3. To be instructed by such a good specialist was a great advantage.

Задание 3. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, подчеркните и определите тип инфинитивного оборота.

1. They are likely to return next week.

2. This device is expected to come into universal application.

3. He seems to be a very honest man.

Задание 4. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, подчеркните причастия I и II; определите их формы и функции.

1. The word pronounced by the student was not correct.

2. The girl putting the book on the shelf is the new librarian.

3. When sending the telegram, she forgot to write her name.

Задание 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, укажите тип причастного оборота.

1. The electrons move with varying velocities, their velocity depending on the temperature and nature of the material.

2. She sat on the steps, with her arms crossed upon her knees.

3. It being now pretty late, we light the candles.

Задание 6. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Подчеркните герундий, определите его форму и функцию.

1. I object to his borrowing money from you.

2. I stretched out my hand to prevent her from falling.

3. He was afraid of waking her.

Задание 7. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на правило согласования времен.

1. I knew that you were ill.

2. We found that she had left home at 8 o’clock that morning.

3. I was sure he had posted the letter.

Задание 8. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.