Unit 1. Politeness Costs Little, But Yields Much
1. Read and translate the quotations on manners. Agree or disagree with them. Share your opinion.
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Different times different manners.
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Good manners and plenty of money will make my son a gentleman.
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When you're in a strange city, adopt its manners.
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Meat makes, and clothes shapes, but manners make- a man.
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Communication corrupts good manners.
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Good manners are made of petty sacrifices.
2. Read, think and say.
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We like people with good manners. We don’t like people with bad manners. Well, what are good manners in your opinions?
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What should we do if we did something wrong? Shall we make an apology? And how to express your apologies? What expressions do you use to apologize?
3. Learn the new words and useful expression.
A cell phone – мобильный телефон
A small favor – небольшая услуга
A wiseacre – мудрец, умный человек (иронич.)
A charge - тариф
Chatty – болтливый
Culture – культура
Emergency– срочная необходимость
Impression– впечатление
Inconsiderate- необдуманный
Second helping – добавка к блюду
To acknowledge – сознавать, признавать, допускать
To apologize to smb. for sth. – извинять кого-либо за что-либо
To appreciate – ценить, оценить
To bargain – торговаться
To depend - зависеть
To deserve - заслужить
To drop by a friend’s house - зайти в гости к другу
To incur – подвергаться, навлечь на себя
To interrupt – прерывать
To keep your fingers crossed – держать пальцы скрещенными
To made jokes about smb –подшутить над кем-либо
To peter out – иссякать, истощаться
To pipe down – сбавить тон, стать менее самоуверенным
To put pen to paper - написать
To regard – считать, полагать
To resolve – решать
To share – делить, разделять
To stare at – уставиться на кого-либо
To wrap things up – завершать
4. Manners and customs vary in different countries. Can you give some examples?
5. Read these statements about cultural behavior. Is it the same or different in Russia?
1) People often kiss friends on the cheek when they meet. 2) People usually shake hands when they are introduced to someone. 3) It’s OK to blow your nose in public. 4) It’s all right to chew gum while talking to someone. 5) It’s OK to ask people how much they earn. 6) It’s all right to ask someone what his or her religion is. 7) It’s common to bargain when you buy things in stores or shops. 8) It’s common to introduce yourself to new neighbors and give them a small gift. 9) In an office, people usually prefer to be called by their first names. 10) In high schools, it’s common to call a teacher by his or her first name. 11) Students always stand up when the teacher enters the classroom. 12) People always arrive on time when they are invited to someone’s house. 13) It’s OK to drop by a friend’s house without calling first. 14) If you’re with strangers and want to smoke, you should ask if it’s OK. 15) It’s OK to bring a friend or a family member when you’re invited to a party at someone’s house. 16) It’s OK to ask for a second helping when eating at a friend’s house. 17) You should take a small gift when you’re invited to someone’s house for dinner. 18) When friends eat out together, each person pays his or her share of the bill. 19) Parents usually decide who their children will marry. 20) Teenagers go out on dates a lot. 21) A man usually gives a woman a gift when they go out on a date. 22) Young people usually live with parents after they get married.
6. Methods and styles of greeting vary greatly around the world, and you need to know which practices are applied in different circumstances. Complete the text with the words from the box. Read and translate it.
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American, Latinos, America, Asians (x2), non-Korean, Portugal, Japanese (x2), Middle Easterners, Westerners (x2), Korean, Asian |
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When greeting __1__ for the first time, do not initiate the handshake. You may be forcing a physical contact that the other person finds uncomfortable. Many __2__, particularly __3__, have learned to accept the handshake when dealing with __4__. Because the bow is the customary greeting in Japan, a slight bow of the head when responding to a proffered handshake is appropriate. __5__ generally are not expected to be familiar with the complex __6__bowing protocols.
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Most __7__ are more accustomed to physical contact. Even people who know each other only slightly may embrace when greeting.
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__8__, particularly Muslims, avoid body contact with the opposite sex, but persons of the same sex commonly hug when greeting each other. When shaking hands, men should be careful not to pull their hand away too quickly. Orthodox Jews also avoid all physical contact with those of the opposite sex who are not family members.
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People from France, Spain, Italy, and __9__ greet friends by kissing on both cheeks.
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The smile is the near-universal gesture of friendliness, and in __10__ its meaning is usually clear. The person smiling is happy, amused, and/or sending out a friendly signal. In other cultures the smile may be sending other signals. In some Latin cultures, for example, the smile may be used to say “Excuse me” or “Please.”
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In many cultures, avoiding eye contact is a sign of respect, but such behavior can lead to misunderstandings. For example, some __11__ shopkeepers have been accused of disrespecting their __12__ customers because the shopkeepers avoided making eye contact. The same sort of misunderstanding has occurred between __13__ teachers and __14__ students who do not look at the teacher while he or she is speaking.
7. Read and translate the text ‘Good Manners. How not to Behave Badly Abroad’. Pay attention to the words given before the text.
To be bang on time — прибыть как раз вовремя
widespread — широко распространенный
custom — обычай
take it easy— не торопитесь, не спешите, относитесь спокойно, не принимайте близко к сердцу
executive — руководитель, администратор фирмы
feeling of ease — чувство непринужденности
to exceed — превышать, выходить за пределы
casual — небрежный
cool — хладнокровный, невозмутимый
tip — совет
to clasp — сложить
Good Manners. How not to Behave Badly Abroad
Travelling to all corners of the world gets easier and easier. We live in a global village, but how well do we know and understand each other? Here is a simple test. Imagine you have arranged a meeting at four o’clock. What time should you expect your foreign business colleagues to arrive? If they are German, they‘ll be bang on time. If they’re Americans, they’ll probably be 15 minutes early. If they are British, they’ll be 15 minutes late, and you should allow up to an hour for the Italians.
When the European Community began to increase in size, several quide books appeared giving advice on international etiquette. At first many people thought this was a joke, especially the British, who seemed to assume that the widespread understanding of their language meant a corresponding understanding of English customs. Very soon they had to change their ideas, as they realized that they had a lot to learn about how to behave with their foreign business friends.
For example:
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The British are happy to have a business lunch and discuss matters with a drink during the meal; the Japanese prefer not to work while eating. Lunch is a time to relax and get to know one another, and they rarely drink at lunchtime.
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The Germans like to talk business before dinner; the French like to eat first and talk afterwards. They have to be well fed and watered before they discuss anything.
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Taking off your jacket and rolling up your sleeves is a sign of getting down to work in Britain and Holland, but in Germany people regard it as taking it easy.
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Americans executives sometimes signal their feelings of ease and importance in their offices by putting feet on the desk whilst on the telephone. In Japan, people would be shocked. Showing the
soles of your feet is the height of bad manners. It as a social insult only exceeded by blowing your nose in public.
The Japanese have perhaps the strictest rules of social and business behaviour. Seniority is a very important, and a younger man should never be sent to complete a business deal with an older Japanese man. The Japanese business card almost needs a rule book of its own. You must exchange business cards immediately on meeting because it is essential to establish everyone's status and position.
When it is handed to a person in a superior position, it must be given and received with both hands, and you must take time it read it carefully, and not just put it in your pocket! Also the bow is a very important part of greeting someone. You should not expect the Japanese to shake the hands. Bowing the head is a mark or respect and the first bow of the day should be lower then when you meet thereafter.
The Americans sometimes find it difficult to accept the more formal Japanese manners. They prefer to be casual and more informal, as illustrated by the universal “Have a nice day!” American waiters have a one-word imperative “Enjoy!” The British, of course, are cool and reserved. The great topic of conversation between strangers in Britain is the weather – unemotional and impersonal. In America, the main topic between strangers is the search to find a geographical link. “Oh, really? You live in Ohio? I had an uncle who once worked there.”
“When in Rome, Do as the Romans Do”
Here are some final tips for travel:
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In Pakistan you mustn’t wink. It is offensive.
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In the Middle East you should take care not to admire anything in your hosts’ home. They will feel that they have to give it to you.
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In Russia you must match your hosts drink for drink or they will think you are unfriendly.
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In Pakistan you mustn’t wink. It is offensive.
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In the Middle East you should take care not to admire anything in your hosts’ home. They will feel that they have to give it to you.
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In Russia you must match your hosts drink for drink or they will think you are unfriendly.
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In America you should eat a hamburger with both hands and as quickly as possible. You shouldn’t try to have a conversation until it is eaten.
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In Europe, men traditionally walk to the left of the ladies. They generally enter a restaurant ahead of the lady - to lead the way to the table.
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In some countries, people feel comfortable standing closer to each other, when they are talking. It would be rude to back away. In other countries, like China and Japan, they want more distance between people.
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In Holland, they always use utensils. Many Dutch even eat bread with a knife and fork!
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In Sweden, you keep your voice down. Swedes are quiet people.
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Americans like to whistle, when they are applauding, but in Europe it is known as a type of booing.
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In Russia, whistling by women is unladylike.
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In some parts of the Middle East, shaking your head "no" means "yes" and nodding your head "yes" means "no".
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In a number of countries, keeping eye contact with the speaker is rude. They show respect by not looking straight at the person talking.
GREETINGS
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How should you behave when you meet someone for the first time?
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In most countries a handshake should be gentle; a firm handshake can show aggression.
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In Italy and Russia, close friends will often greet each other with a kiss.
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In France you shouldn’t sit down in a café until you’ve shaken hands with everyone you know.
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In Afghanistan you should spend at least five minutes saying hello.
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In the Middle East you must never use the left hand for greeting, eating, drinking, or smoking.
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An American or Canadian shakes your hand firmly while looking you straight in the eyes.
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In many parts of Asia, there is no physical contact at all.
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In Japan, you should bow, and the more respect you want to show the deeper you should bow.
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In Thailand, the greeting is made by pressing both hands together at the chest, as if you are praying, and bowing your head slightly.
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In both Japan and Thailand, eye contact is avoided as a sign of respect.
CLOTHES
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In Asian and Muslim countries, you shouldn't reveal the body, especially women, who should wear long-sleeved blouses and skirts below the knee.
In Japan, you should take off your shoes when entering a house or a restaurant and place them neatly together facing the door you came in.
FOOD AND DRINK
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In Mediterranean countries and Latin America, lunch is often the biggest meal of the day. For this reason many people eat a light breakfast and a late dinner.
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In Britain, you might have a business lunch and do business as you eat.
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Germans like to talk business before dinner.
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The French like to eat first and talk afterwards; they have to be well fed and watered before they discuss anything.
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In Mexico and Japan, many people prefer not to discuss business while eating. Lunch is a time to relax and socialize, and the Japanese rarely drink alcohol at lunchtime.
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In Britain and the United States, it's not unusual to have a business meeting over breakfast, and in China it's common to have business banquets, but you shouldn't discuss business during the meal.
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Japanese business people consider it their professional duty to go out after work with colleagues to restaurants, bars, or nightclubs. If you are invited, you shouldn't refuse, even if you don't feel like staying late.
8. Answer the questions to the text ‘Good Manners. How not to Behave Badly Abroad’.
1) What nationalities are mentioned in the text? 2) Which nationalities are the most and least punctual? 3) Why did the British think that everyone understands their customs? 4) Which nationalities do not like to eat and do business at the same time? 5) Who do you normally have to feed and water? 6) Which nationalities have rules of behaviour about hands? What are the rules? 7) Why is it not a good idea to say that you absolutely love your Egyptian friend’s vase? 8) Will you say “Hi! See you later!” when you’re introduced to someone in Afghanistan? 9) Why is it not a good idea to discuss politics with your American friend in a McDonald’s? 10) Is this article serious or light-hearted? Why?
9. Discuss the following.
1) Do you agree with the saying “When in Rome, do as the Romans do?” Do you have a similar saying in your language? 2) What are the “rules” about greeting people in your country? 3) When do you shake hands? 4) When do you kiss? 5) What do you do when you say goodbye? 6) Think of one or two examples of bad manners. For example, in Britain it is considered impolite to ask people how much they earn. 7) What advice would you give to somebody coming to live and work in your country?
10. Quiz. How Would You Cope Around the World? Are the Following Statements True or False? Check your answers and read a piece of advice for you.
1) You mustn’t give tips in India.
2) In the UK, you don’t have to carry ID with you.
3) In Holland, friends are supposed to kiss each other four times when saying hello and goodbye.
4) You should never give a clock as a gift in China.
5) In Japan, you can’t vote until you are 19.
6) You can drive as fast as you want in Germany.
7) In Britain, people are expected to take turns to buy drinks in a pub.
8) In Zimbabwe, you can pay fines with flowers.
9) In Spain, children under 16 aren’t allowed into bars.
10) You are expected to take some cheese with you when you are invited to dinner in France.
11) In Japan, you shouldn’t blow your nose in public.
12) When giving flowers in Germany, you should give an even number.
13) You have to turn out (to be present during voting) to vote in Australia.
14) In the USA, you can drive a car in most states when you are 15.
15) You must eat with your left hand in Sudan.
16) In Sweden, you aren’t allowed to smoke until you are 16.
17) In the UK, you must never turn your back on a picture of the Queen.
18) You don’t have to wear a motorcycle helmet in Italy.
19) In Finland, you can’t buy alcohol in a supermarket.
20) In Saudi Arabia, it’s normal for shops to close for about 15 minutes four times a day.
What it means
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If you scored between 15 and 20: you are either extremely well-traveled or extremely intuitive. You’ll have no problems wherever you go.
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If you scored between 10 and 15: you should be OK in most situations, but be careful!
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If you scored between 5 and 10: you might make life difficult for yourself from time to time, but you’ll survive.
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If you scored between 0 and 5: don’t go anywhere without a good friend!
11. Good Manners Word Scramble. Try to reproduce the phrases with the help of letters as is given in the example:
antryutuiwo _W_a_ i_t _y_o_ u_r_ _t_ u_ r_n_(Wait your turn)
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elaesp - __p_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
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uythnoka - _t_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _y_ ___ ___
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dnooderplohos - _h_ ___ ___ ___ _o_ ___ ___ ___ _d_ ___ ___ ___ ___
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ecfprsnrcfseiedet- _r_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _d_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
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nimepvsioglmtec - _g_ ___ ___ ___ _c_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ______ ___ ___ ___ ___
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nesoyrtaebp - _o_ ___ ___ ___ _p_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
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esinottrhwse - _s_ ___ ___ ___ _i_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
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efrndbiley - _b_ ___ _f_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
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lyhpteekpnoeoelesio - _l_ ___ ___ ___ _p_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _i_ ___ _t_ ___ ___ _e_ ___ ___ ___
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dbnroeteud - _d_ ___ ___'___ _b_ ___ _r_ ___ ___ ___
12. A presentation is a formal talk to one or more people that "presents" ideas or information in a clear, structured way. People are sometimes afraid of speaking in public. Some people, and only a very few, are able to stand up in front of an audience without preparation and speak interestingly and clearly. Most of us have to prepare and organize our presentation in advance. If you follow a few simple rules, giving a presentation is actually very easy.
13. Which of the following do you think the presented should think about before the presentation?
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Who is the audience?
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What is the subject and title of my presentation?
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What are the aims of my presentation?
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How much do the audience know already? What do they want to know?
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How long is my presentation?
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What are the main points of the presentation?
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What structure and order will these points have?
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What visual aid will I use?
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How will I begin, introduce each point and conclude?
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What questions might I be asked?
The good presenter has thought about all these questions in the presentation stage.
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What you say is as important the way you look in front of the audience. Which of these do you think gives an audience a good impression and which a bad impression?
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looking at your shoes;
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laughing all the time;
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turning your back on the audience;
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keeping eye contact with members of the audience;
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having your notes in the wrong order;
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looking out of the window;
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swaying from side to side;
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hands in your pockets;
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a bored look;
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a smile;
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shouting;
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apologizing all the time;
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talking to all the audience not just your friends;
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sitting down.
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The following is a list of different steps that people go through when preparing a presentation. Read the steps and decide in which order they could be done.
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Prepare the visual aids.
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Research the topic.
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Practise giving the presentation to an audience – time how long it takes.
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Decide on the main points of the presentation.
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Put the main points into a logical and connected order.
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Make notes to refer to in the presentation.
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Decide on the structure of the presentation – the introduction, the main points and the conclusion.
16. Read the words given below and learn them by heart.
To convey – сообщать (известия); выражать (идею)
To shape one’s point of view – сформировать точку зрения
Appeal – обращение
Narrative – повествование
Technique – способ, метод; умение
To keep in mind – держать в памяти
Coherence – связанность, согласованность
To enumerate briefly the results of smth – кратко перечислить результаты чего-либо
To look confident – выглядеть уверенным
To maintain an eye- contact with smb – поддерживать визуальный контакт
Visual aids – средства наглядности
Authoritative source – авторитетный источник
To remain attentive – оставаться внимательным
Body language – язык тела (жестов)
To gain information – получать информацию
Bias – предубеждение; пристрастие; предвзятость; необъективность
To daydream – грезить наяву; фантазировать; мечтать
Dominate – доминировать, преобладать
To provide feedback – обеспечить обратную связь
Relevant – уместный, относящийся к делу
Сommunication tools – инструменты общения
To slouch – неуклюже держаться, сутулиться
17. Fill in the blanks in the text Public Presentation with the words from the box.
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to look confident; resemblance; to remain attentive; art; body language; narrative; weapon; authoritative sources; techniques; to enumerate briefly; keep in mind; points of view; body; appeal; significance |
PUBLIC PRESENTATION
Public presentation is a great ___1___ and a great ___2___ at the same time. It is aimed to conveying the necessary information to the audience and shaping its ___3___ . Public speaking can be either in the form of an emotional ___4___ (politicians, priests, lawyers) or of a ___5___ (teachers, scientists, TV reporters) but in any case it affects the audience in this or that way.
A good presentation requires the knowledge of certain ___6___ to make it a successful presentation. First of all, it is a good idea not to copy the manner of some well-known and famous speaker, because the ___7___ may turn out very poor and, what is more important, you may lose your individuality.
Secondly, every speaker must ___8___ the basic characteristics of a presentation. They are: significance of the topic, novelty, competence, illustrativeness, informativeness and coherence.
Naturally, every presentation consists of three major parts: introduction, body and conclusion. In the introduction it is necessary to greet the audience, introduce oneself, present the topic and its ___9___ and state the structure of the presentation. The body should contain the general outline of the problem, supported with ___10___, the results of your research and the examples, if possible. However, the body shouldn’t be very long: six points of new information are enough, otherwise the audience will find it difficult ___11___ .
In the conclusion, it is necessary to give a balanced summing up of the ideas mentioned in the ___12___. Sometimes it is required to state your presentation attitude to the problem, but on the whole it is enough ___13___ the results of your research or the topic concepts, covered in your speech.
The general appearance and the manner of speech should also be taken care of. It is important ___14___, to speak with a loud enough voice, to make necessary pauses, not to hurry, to maintain eye-contact with the audience. On the whole, a good speaker should sound friendly, show his respect to the audience and avoid slang words. ___15___ must not distract the listener from your presentation, it ought to be appropriate for the situation. At the end it is advisable to thank the audience.
18. Read the text ‘Active Listening’ and translate the words given in the brackets into English.
ACTIVE LISTENING
Good speakers not only inform their audience, they also listen to them. By listening, you know if they understand the information and if the information is important to them.
Active listening with a purpose is used (1. Получить информацию), to determine how another person feels, and to understand others. Some good traits of effective listeners are:
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Spend more time listening than talking (but of course, as (2. докладчик), you will be doing most of the talking).
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Do not finish the sentence of others.
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Do not answer questions with questions.
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Aware of (3.необъективности). We all have them. We need to control them.
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Never (4. Грезить наяву) or become preoccupied with your own thoughts when others talk.
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Let the other speaker talk. Do not (5. доминировать) the conversation.
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Plan responses after others have finished speaking...NOT while they are speaking. Their full concentration is on what others are saying, not on what they are going to respond with.
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(6. Обеспечить обратную связь) but do not interrupt incessantly.
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Analyze by looking at all the (7. уместный) factors and asking open-ended questions.
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Keep the conversation on what the speaker says...NOT on what interest them.
Listening can be one of your most powerful (8. Инструменты общения)! Be sure to use it!
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Read the text ‘Tips and Techniques For Great Presentations’and find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases.
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чувство собственного достоинства; мелочь; отвлекать, рассеивать внимание слушателей; интонация; утомить аудиторию; отклонять идеи; опасения; увязнуть; ночная смена; переходить границы |
TIPS AND TECHNIQUES FOR GREAT PRESENTATIONS
Eleanor Roosevelt was a shy young girl who was terrified at the thought of speaking in public. But with each passing year, she grew in confidence and self-esteem. She once said, "No one can make you feel inferior, unless you agree with it."
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If you have handouts, do not read straight from them. The audience does not know if they should read along with you or listen to you read.
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Do not put both hands in your pockets for long periods of time. This tends to make you look unprofessional. It is OK to put one hand in a pocket but ensure there is no loose change or keys to jingle around. This will distract the listeners.
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Do not wave a pointer around in the air like a wild knight branding a sword to slay a dragon. Use the pointer for what it is intended and then put it down, otherwise the audience will become fixated upon your "sword", instead upon you.
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Do not lean on the podium for long periods. The audience will begin to wonder when you are going to fall over.
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Speak to the audience...NOT to the visual aids, such as flip charts or overheads. Also, do not stand between the visual aid and the audience.
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Speak clearly and loudly enough for all to hear. Do not speak in a monotone voice. Use inflection to emphasize your main points.
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The disadvantages of presentations is that people cannot see the punctuation and this can lead to misunderstandings. An effective way of overcoming this problem is to pause at the time when there would normally be punctuation marks.
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Use colored backgrounds on overhead transparencies and slides (such as yellow) as the bright white light can be harsh on the eyes. This will quickly cause your audience to tire. If all of your transparencies or slides have clear backgrounds, then tape one blank yellow one on the overhead face. For slides, use a rubber band to hold a piece of colored cellophane over the projector lens.
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Learn the name of each participant as quickly as possible. Based upon the atmosphere you want to create, call them by their first names or by using Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms.
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Tell them what name and title you prefer to be called.
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Listen intently to comments and opinions. By using a lateral thinking technique (adding to ideas rather than dismissing them), the audience will feel that their ideas, comments, and opinions are worthwhile.
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Circulate around the room as you speak. This movement creates a physical closeness to the audience.
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List and discuss your objectives at the beginning of the presentation. Let the audience know how your presentation fits in with their goals. Discuss some of the fears and apprehensions that both you and the audience might have. Tell them what they should expect of you and how you will contribute to their goals.
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Vary your techniques (lecture, discussion, debate, films, slides, reading, etc.)
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Get to the presentation before your audience arrives; be the last one to leave.
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Be prepared to use an alternate approach if the one you've chosen seems to bog down. You should be confident enough with your own material so that the audience's interests and concerns, not the presentation outline, determines the format. Use your background, experience, and knowledge to interrelate your subject matter.
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When writing on flip charts use no more than 7 lines of text per page and no more than 7 word per line (the 7 7 rule). Also, use bright and bold colors, and pictures as well as text.
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Consider the time of day and how long you have got for your talk. Time of day can affect the audience. After lunch is known as the graveyard section in training circles as audiences will feel more like a nap than listening to a talk.
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Most people find that if they practice in their head, the actual talk will take about 25 per cent longer. Using a flip chart or other visual aids also adds to the time. Remember - it is better to finish slightly early than to overrun.
20. Look through the text Tips and Techniques For Great Presentations once more and decide if the following statements are true or false.
1) No one can make you subordinate, unless you agree with it. 2) Putting even one hand in the pocket will distract the audience. 3) It is not good to lean on the rostrum for a long time. 4) During the presentation the qualities of the voice should include loudness, speed (fast or slow), variety, pitch (high or low), silent moments or pauses. 5) Colored backgrounds will cause the audience to tire. 6) The audience should always feel that their ideas, comments, and opinions are worthwhile. 7) Visuals should be adjusted to the audience and supplement the spoken message. 8) In the afternoon the audiences will feel more like a nap than listening to a talk.
21. Study the main steps of a good presentation.
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GREETING |
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INTRODUCE YOURSELF |
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STATE THE OVERAL PURPOSE OF YOUR PRESENTATION |
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STATE HOW YOUR PRESENTATION IS TO BE ORGANISED: MAIN POINTS; ORDER |
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STATING MAIN POINTS SUMMING UP |
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CONCLUSION |
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QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION |
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Read the text how the presentation should be organized and pay attention to the phrases which can be used during presentation.
If you want to stand up for an academic degree, if you want to aim at achieving success during your thesis’ presentation to the Academic Board you should know how to prepare and organize your presentation.
The way you look in front of the audience is very important. When on rostrum, try to behave properly. Stop swinging the pointer, keep from waving hands, abstain from shouting, and control your voice. While you are speaking you should keep eye contact with members of the audience. This gives you information about the audience’s reaction. You are able to check that they understand what you are speaking about.
The start of a presentation is very important. It gives the audience their first impression of you and the topic you are going to speak about. It also gives you the chance to get over your nerves with a confident start. The introduction should be brief about 1-2 minutes of speaking.
It’s better to start with the greeting of the audience and introducing yourself. When you greet the audience and introduce yourself it is best to be formal. Here you can use such phrases as:
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After you have greeted the audience and introduced yourself you need to tell the audience the exact purpose of your presentation. The audience should understand the overall reason for your presentation. Here is a list of phrases, which introduce purposes:
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The next step of your presentation is telling the audience how you are going to structure your talk. The audience should understand how many main points are going to be made and how they are going to be structured. The order of your main points must be easy for the audience to follow. There is usually a logical sequence, which is suggested by the topic. That’s why it’s better to use here the following phrases:
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The main body is the “heart” of your presentation, which contains the most important points that you wish to make. Every main point contains an introduction and summing up. A clear speaker will tell the listener which point is going to be made and how it is related to the previous points, if at all. Here the speaker usually uses the phrases to indicate the end of the point and to introduce the next point. They are:
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Phrases used to show start of new point. |
Phrases used to show end of each point |
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The conclusion is as important as the introduction. The conclusion to your talk is important for two reasons. Firstly, it gives you a chance to tell the audience again what the main points of your presentation were; it is therefore a chance to summarize for the audience the information got. Secondly, the conclusion acts as a bridge between you speaking and the chance for the audience to participate and to respond to the ideas that you have put across. The following phrases could be used to introduce your conclusion:
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b)
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Following your presentation there is usually a chance for the audience to ask you questions and put their ideas to you. When you deal with questions from the audience try to follow the advice:
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Listen carefully to all the questions.
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If you don’t understand the question ask for a repetition.
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Always be courteous to your questioners.
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Admit if you don’t know the answer.
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If the question has more than one part – deal with each part separately.