Task 4. Определите, какой частью речи являются подчёркнутые слова, правильно прочтите их и переведите предложения.

1.During the melting process the molecules absorb heat which does not increase their speed but decreases the force of attraction between them.

2.With ice which contracts on melting, an increase of pressure lowers the melting point.

3.The substance was at first purified and then subjected to strong heating.

4.The subject of this paper is certain properties of alloys.

5.The drawings of such geometrical figures sometimes present some difficulty.

6.The atomic character of matter belongs to the most certain facts of our present knowledge.

7.If two objects are at the same temperature, the average energy of motion of their molecules is the same.

8.The engineer objects to this material being used.

Unit 5.

Grammar study: The Definition of the Sentence (Способы выражения определения).

Task 1. Составьте таблицу по прилагаемому образцу. Распределите по её графам приведённые ниже предложения, обращая особое внимание на способы выражения ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ.

Определение – единственный член предложения, который не имеет фиксированного положения, так как может определять любой член предложения (кроме сказуемого, если это не именное составное). Предложения переведите.

“””””””””“ _____________________________________I

1.The results achieved depended on the methods used.

2.The multiple spindle drilling machine may have any number of spindles arranged on the cross rail of the drilling machine.

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3.The three common types of lathes usually found in a machine shop are the bench lathe, the engine lathe and the turret lathe.

4.Cutting tools used in planer work are the same as those used in the shaper.

5.The internal resistance of a part to an externally applied force is called a stress.

6.Friction will act on the moving body so as to stop it.

7.Any apparatus converting heat into mechanical work is called a heat engine.

8.In the operation of a gas engine the number of strokes required to complete the cycle varies with type of engine.

Task 2. Прочтите и переведите текст.

MACHINES AND MECHANISMS

A mechanism is a combination of two or more moving resistant parts so arranged that the motion of one causes the motion of the others according to a definite law depending on the nature of the combination. It is a device which changes or transmits the form of motion. For example, two wheels in rolling contact can be considered a mechanism.

If the parts are connected to some source of energy and do useful work, the mechanism becomes a machine. A machine, then, is a combination of resistant parts, arranged in such a way that a source of energy placed on the part compels motion in the other parts and in turn produces work. We can conclude from this that a machine is composed of one or more mechanisms; whereas, a mechanism is not necessarily a machine. If the wheels in rolling contact mentioned above are connected one to a handle and the other to a drum hoist*, it becomes a machine. The crank and connecting rod is one mechanism of the locomotive.

Machines are an essential part of modern civilization. Machines have enabled man to erect large buildings, factories and houses. They have helped him to span great distances by means of a modern system of highways, skyways** and roads. Many other things have been accomplished by the use of machines.

Machines have enabled man to utilize energy efficiently. A machine is a device for transforming or transferring energy. Great turbines, turned by the energy of falling water, drive generators that produce electrical energy. This electrical energy is then transported by transmission lines to distant cities and factories to do work. Man is always improving machines so that they will utilize the greatest amount of energy from the least amount of fuel, obtain the greatest amount of work with the least effort.

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REVISION EXERCISE

Task 4. Переведите предложения.

1.The discovery of the possibility of a conversion of energy from mechanical to electrical one dates back to the period of electrostatic machines.

2.Everybody knows the dynamo to transform mechanical energy to electrical energy.

3.We know physical changes to be caused by heat.

4.Any moving body is known to be able to do work simply because it is moving.

5.To get electromotive force by thermal action it is necessary that the junction of two dissimilar metals should be heated.

6.A difference of potential maintained on the terminals is known to be an electromotive force.

7.Being a scalar quantity, work has a magnitude and a sign, but no direction.

8.If placed in different localities the weight of a body varies.

9.A heavy body is able to supply motion to a light body without losing its speed.

10.A book lying on a table remains motionless unless pushed or pulled by someone.

11.If a body at rest is caused to move, a force must have acted upon it.

12.The gas to be examined is enclosed in the graduated tube.

13.Tools made of high-speed steel containing tungsten, chromium, vanadium, and carbon may do the work at much higher speeds than carbon tool steels.

14.Steels used for tools generally have high carbon content to ensure hardness and abrasion resistance. The kind of workpiece to be treated and the working methods applied to it, will largely determine the choice of the marking procedure.

15.If a workpiece is to be divided, for example, along a marking line, then gauge points become necessary.

16.When working with the chisel, care must be taken that the workpiece cannot yield or vibrate during cutting.

17.Working with the hand hack saw requires some experience if a clean cut is to be achieved, particularly when thick workpieces are to be parted.

18.Working with the file requires some skill.

19.Generally, the workpiece to be filed is chucked in the vice.

20.In the steam engine the fuel burns comparatively slowly, the heat being used to generate steam.

Task 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение подчёркнутых предлогов.

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1.The properties of three unknown elements were predicted by Mendeleyev.

2.The results of this experiment had been published by the end of this year.

3.Artificial radioactive elements can be prepared by bombarding the elements with rapidly moving subatomic particles.

4.With the development of the electronic theory of atomic structure, it became possible to understand the theoretical basis for the Periodic Law.

5.Dalton is spoken of as a father of modern atomic theory.

6.During centuries man’s conception of what constitutes a chemical element has undergone many changes.

7.In these atoms the electrons are attracted to the nuclei so strongly that they can be transferred to other atoms.

8.The method first referred to is the most convenient one.

Task 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на подчёркнутые слова.

1.Artificial satellites travel round the earth like planets.

2.Space travel will help us to learn much more about our planets than we know now.

3.The shop will operate successfully provided it is equipped with the necessary devices.

4.Last year they provided the shop with modern equipment.

5.The solid, liquid and gaseous states are known as the three states of matter.

6.The law of conservation of matter states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed.

Task 6. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения слова ONE.

1.One must remember that any reaction is theoretically reversible.

2.Several hundred thousand different chemical compounds are now known, and many new ones are made every year.

3.One form of energy can be transformed into another, but it can be neither created, nor destroyed.

4.An inert gas is the one which does not enter into chemical combination with other substances.

5.Speaking about the structure of the atom one should remember that the proton is smaller but heavier than electron.

6.One of the difficulties is to find a satisfactory substitute for copper.

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Task 7. Определите, какой частью речи являются данные слова и переведите их.

to attract – attraction – attractive; dense – density; distant – distance; different – difference; general – generally – generalize; important – importance; special – specialize – specialist – speciality; to use – use – usage – useful – useless – usefully

– usefulness; science – scientist – scientific; to specify – specific – specification; to move – movable – movement; to require – requirement; strong – strength – strengthen; wide – width – widen.

Task 8. Определите, какой частью речи являются подчёркнутые слова, правильно прочтите их и переведите предложения.

1.During the melting process the molecules absorb heat which does not increase their speed but decreases the force of attraction between them.

2.With ice which contracts on melting, an increase of pressure lowers the melting point.

3.The substance was at first purified and then subjected to strong heating.

4.The subject of this paper is certain properties of alloys.

5.The drawings of such geometrical figures sometimes present some difficulty.

6.The atomic character of matter belongs to the most certain facts of our present knowledge.

7.If two objects are at the same temperature, the average energy of motion of their molecules is the same.

8.The engineer objects to this material being used.

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