UNIT 6.

GRAMMAR: Modal Verbs and Their Equivalents.

Модальными глаголами называют ряд глаголов в английском языке, которые выражают не само действие, а отношение к нему: обязанность, необходимость, возможность, разрешение, рекомендацию и т.д.

К модальным относятся глаголы:

must; can; may; should; would; need; ought to

Модальные глаголы (в отличие от остальных) обладают рядом свойств:

1)Они всегда идут в связке со смысловым глаголом: M.V. + V0

2)До и после модальных глаголов не ставится частица «to» (кроме ought to)

3)Модальные глаголы существуют только в настоящем времени, а два из них (can, may) – еще и в прошедшем: could, might

4)Для построения отрицательных и вопросительных предложений с модальными глаголами не требуются вспомогательные глаголы

5)Модальные глаголы не имеют окончаний, типичных для всех остальных глаголов: -ed; -s (es); -ing.

Модальными глаголами, выражающими долженствование, являются: must - должен; should - следует; ought to - следовало бы; need - нужно.

Эквивалентами глагола must в прошедшем времени выступают конструкции had to или was(were) to – переводятся «должен был».

Эквивалентом глагола must в будущем времени выступает конструкция will have to – переводится «должен будет».

Пример:

As the experiment would not give the results demanded, the student had to ask the lab-assistant for help. He was to complete his work by the end of this week. So, he must be ready for extra-working on Saturday and Sunday.

Поскольку эксперимент никак не выдавал требуемых результатов, студент вынужден был обратиться к лаборанту за помощью. Он должен был завершить свою работу к концу этой недели. Поэтому, он должен быть готов дополнительно поработать в субботу и воскресение.

Модальным глаголом, выражающим интеллектуальную или физическую возможность, способность, умение, является глагол

can (в прошедшем времени - could).

В будущем времени применяется эквивалентная конструкция: will be able to…

Пример:

Now many people in Russia can speak English fluently. They couldn’t do it a century ago because aristocratic circles would speak French.

Сегодня многие люди в России могут говорить по-английски свободно. Они не могли этого век назад, потому что аристократические круги имели обыкновение говорить по-французски.

Модальным глаголом, выражающим разрешение, допуск к чему-либо, позволение, является глагол

may (в прошедшем времени - might).

В будущем времени применяется эквивалентная конструкция: will be allowed to…

Пример:

The students may use the scientific departments of the library, but they may not take some of the books away from the Reading rooms. They should read a lot of books to become good specialists in their future profession.

Студенты могут пользоваться научными отделами библиотеки, но они не имеют право выносить некоторые книги из читальных залов. Им следует прочитать множество книг, чтобы стать хорошими специалистами в своей будущей профессии.

Task 1. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to Modal verbs.

1.Einstein could not speak until he was seven years old.

2.The boy was so tired that he was unable (was not able) to move.

3.The train was to come at 5.

4.One should turn off all the devices before leaving.

5.Companies with computer network can use e-mail.

6.May I ask you a question?

7.You should use a computer in your work.

8.You may not leave the room until I say so.

9.I will have to stay at the laboratory to complete my work.

10.If you want to buy something essential you have to save money for some time.

11.Ann’s eyes are not very good, so she has to wear glasses. 12.The friends were to meet at the metro station at about 6 p.m. 13.It’s getting dark, so we have to go back.

14.We are to attend a seminar the day after tomorrow, so I have to prepare for it.

15.The students were allowed to rewrite the test on Monday, so they had to work hard at weekend.

Task 2. Choose the Modal verb corresponding to the given Russian:

1.He (должен будет) retake the examination in math.

2.The students (должны) take exams twice a year.

3.They (смогут) to write the program in time.

4.The engineers (следует) know much about the new machinery.

5.The students (не разрешили) to enter the classroom.

have to; has to; will have to; are to; is to; was to; were to; must; should; was not allowed; were not allowed;

will be able to; can; could; may; might.

Task 3. Translate into English:

1.Я умею работать с различными компьютерными программами.

2.Когда ты сможешь дать мне книгу?

3.Кто должен закрыть лабораторию сегодня?

4.Когда вы должны были встретиться?

5.Экзамен должен начаться в 9 утра.

6.Тебе следует повторить этот материал.

7.Я вынужден буду повторить этот эксперимент еще раз.

8.Можно мне поговорить с тобой?

9.Ты смог сделать перевод с английского языка на русский?

Task 4. Translate the following word combinations:

main interest; little money; to talk on science; to make notes; to ask for help; to do research; to accept the invitation; to get electric current; to choose between science and money; to develop the idea; modern turbines; electrical age.

Task 5. Before you read the text, check what you know about M. Faraday.

1.Where was Faraday born?

a)America b) England c) Australia

2.When did he live?

a)the 18-th century b) the 19-th century c) the 20-th century

3.What was his family like?

a)middle-class b) very rich c) poor

4.Who helped him to become a scientist?

a)Einstein b) Rutherford c) Davy

5.What field of science did he work in?

a)mathematics b) mechanics c) electricity

6.What invention is he famous for?

a)machine-tools b) electric current c) telescope

Task 6. Read and translate the text.

Michael Faraday was born in London in 1791 in a poor family. At the age of thirteen he had to start working in a book-binding shop. This helped him to get some more education, because he had to live among books. Of course, the boy couldn’t read all the books. So, he began to choose the books he liked most of all. Soon he found out that his main interest was in science and especially in electricity. At that time many scientists were studying the nature of electricity, but none of them could get an electric current. The greatest among the scientists was Sir Humphry Davy. He held talks on science with the students, and Faraday often came to listen to his lectures. Later he was allowed to come to Davy’s laboratory and prepare all the things which Davy and his assistants were to use in their experiments. Davy could notice Faraday’s interest in science and decided to help him. He took Faraday to Europe with him. There Faraday was able to watch the work of other scientists, and though he enjoyed his time in Europe, he was eager to return home and start his own experiments. But as he had to earn his living and scientific experiments he spent much time for his outside work. So, there was the problem: he had to choose between science and money. And he chose science. Now he spent all his time on the experiments with magnets. At last the day came when he could get an electric current in the wire to which he moved the magnet. It was the beginning. He had to develop the idea. After several experiments he could construct a machine for making electricity. That machine has become the prototype of modern turbines. So, his discovery was the beginning of electrical age.

Task 7. Find in the text the answers to the following questions.

1.When and where was M. Faraday born?

2.Why did he have to work?

3.What kind of books did he choose for reading?

4.Who helped him to start his scientific career?

5.What did Faraday do in Davy’s laboratory?

6.Where could Faraday watch the work of other scientists?

7.Why was he eager to return home?

8.What field of science did he work in?

9.What can you say about his electric machine?

10.Could he get an electric current?

Task 8. Make up a short story about one of the great scientists.