UNIT 3.
GRAMMAR: Группа времен Continuous
(Present, Past, Future)
Группа времен Continuous (она же - Progressive) употребляется для описания действий длительного характера, происходящих или происходивших в момент речи, а также во время другого действия.
Сказуемое в этой временной группе образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола «to be» (в соответствующем времени), после которого ставится смысловой глагол с окончанием - ing.
Действие глагола-сказуемого в группе Continuous часто сопровождается такими наречиями как now (сейчас); at the moment (в настоящее время); союзом while (в то время как) или предлогом for (в течение).
Например:
At present they are working at the design of a new mobile smartphone.
В настоящий момент они работают над дизайном нового смартфона.
Now we are saving money for a holiday next summer.
Сейчас мы копим деньги на отдых следующим летом.
She was talking over the telephone while the children were playing tennis.
Она разговаривала по телефону, пока дети играли в теннис.
They will be studying mathematics for two years.
Они будут изучать математику в течение двух лет.
Для образования отрицательного или вопросительного предложения используется соответственно отрицательная или утвердительная форма глагола «to be» (как вспомогательного глагола), а смысловой глагол при
этом сохраняет свою форму: Ving.
She isn’t listening to me now; she is speaking to somebody by phone.
Она не слушает меня сейчас; она с кем-то говорит по телефону.
He won’t be repairing his car all day long.
Он не будет ремонтировать свою машину весь день.
How long are they living here?
Сколько времени они здесь живут?
What were they doing when the thunderstorm began?
Что они делали, когда началась гроза?
Task 1. Open the brackets and put the verbs into
Present, Past or Future Continuous tense.
1.It (to snow) while we (to ski).
2.I helped my friend while he (to do) his homework.
3.Now this group of designers (to work) at the new project.
4.Look! The train (to pull up) the platform.
5.Next week we (to work) in a Computer centre for six hours.
6.They (not to have) rest now, because they (to sit) for exams.
Task 2. Find and correct 7 mistakes in the text below:
This researcher works now at the project of a mobile communicator of a new generation. His assistants are always helping him in his work. Now they create an improved program for the potential users of their new electronic device. It’s not easy, because their GSM-communicator must be competitive and must have many modern and original functions. All last month they work hard for many hours a day. Yesterday when the researcher entered the laboratory he saw that his assistants discussed their new program version. He listened to their discussion with great interest while his colleagues spoke of the advantages of their project. “They must be smart boys”, - he thought, - “They know the business quite well. Such people are usually very promising.”
Task 3. Read the text. Write out the unknown words. Translate the text.
MONEY.
Money did not exist always. There were times when people used products and home-items instead of money. For many years people were using cattle and fur as money equivalent. Later there appeared gold and silver that became the exchange means between sellers and customers. Of course, such money equivalent met all the requirements that determined the cost of products or goods. Metals were reliable and strong and became popular in many countries.
What is money? It is the measure of cost for goods that a producer gets in the form of money from a customer.
Paper money (banknotes) appeared much later. Nowadays while many people are still paying for goods and services in cash, some of them (especially in highly developed countries) prefer to pay with credit cards. If you go abroad you must have hard currency (such as US dollars, Euro, British pounds and some others) or special “Traveling checks” to pay services, accommodation and food.
Notes:
Exchange means – средство обмена
To meet the requirements – отвечать требованиям
Goods and services – товары и услуги
Hard currency – конвертируемая валюта
Task 4. Find in the text English words corresponding to Russian ones:
деньги; вместо денег; денежный эквивалент; золото и серебро; средство обмена; продавец; покупатель; стоимость; товар; производитель; платить наличными; платить по кредитной карте; конвертируемая валюта; оплачивать услуги, проживание и питание.
Task 5. Translate the sentences from Russian into English:
1.Деньги – мера стоимости товара.
2.Вначале были монеты, а бумажные деньги появились значительно позже.
3.Многие монеты были сделаны из серебра или золота.
4.Если едешь за границу, надо иметь конвертируемую валюту.
5.Покупатель может оплачивать услуги, проживание или питание как наличными, так и по кредитной карте.
Task 6. Fill in the right word instead of blanks:
producer; in cash; seller; reliable; measure; customer; instead of
1.In old times people used products … money.
2.Money is the … of cost for goods and services.
3.A person who produces goods is called a … .
4.If you buy something you become a … , while if you sell something you are a … .
5.My friend always helps me when I need his help. I think he is a … man.
6.If you pay money directly we say you pay … .
GRAMMAR: Indefinite Pronouns.
К неопределенно-личным местоимениям относятся слова:
some, any, no, every
и их производные:
something, anything, nothing, everything
somebody (someone), anybody (anyone), nobody, everybody (everyone) somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere
Task 1. Translate a mini-text paying attention to indefinite pronouns:
Somebody knocked at my door. I looked out and saw a little pretty girl. “Who are you and why are you knocking?” – I asked her.
“I am very tired” - answered the girl - “And I want to rest somewhere”. “Don’t you have anybody in the town?” – I continued asking – “Are there any friends or relatives over there?”
“No, I’m a stranger here and I don’t have anybody to stay with. Could you give me some water, please. I am thirsty.”
She really looked awful. I gave her some milk and something to eat. She thanked me a lot and left.
Task 2. Comment on the indefinite pronouns in the following dialogues:
-There is something in my eye. I’m afraid.
-Let me see. I don’t see anything.
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-Is there anybody in the room? The telephone is ringing. Shall I answer it?
-Just a moment. I’m coming. Somebody closed the door and I couldn’t hear the phone.
Task 3. Translate the sentences from Russian into English:
1.Кто-то пришел.
2.Я видел его где-то.
3.Ты кого-то ждешь?
4.Я ничего не вижу в темноте.
Помните, что в английском отрицательном предложении может быть употреблено только одно отрицание.
Например,
Никто нигде его не видел. – Nobody saw him anywhere.
UNIT 4.
GRAMMAR: Группа времен Perfect
(Present, Past, Future)
Группа времен Perfect (Present, Past, Future) используется для описания действий, полностью свершившихся к определенному моменту времени:
Present Perfect Tense – на момент речи;
Past Perfect Tense – к определенному моменту в прошлом; Future Perfect Tense – к определенному моменту в будущем.
Глагол-сказуемое отвечает на вопрос: «Что уже сделало подлежащее?». Для образования перфектных времен используется вспомогательный глагол «HAVE»: ((have, has); had; will have), после которого смысловой глагол ставится в т.н. третьей форме (т.е. либо с окончанием -ed , либо в форме, указанной в третьем столбце «Таблицы нестандартных глаголов»).
Вопросительные и отрицательные предложения строятся также с помощью глагола «HAVE» и третьей формы смыслового глагола
(см. примеры ниже).
Часто группа перфектных времен сопровождается такими наречиями как already (уже), just (только что), ever (когда-либо), never (никогда), yet (пока еще). Причем, yet употребляется только в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях после сказуемого. Что касается остальных наречий, они обычно ставятся между вспомогательным и смысловым глаголами в утвердительном предложении.
ПРИМЕРЫ:
Up to now I have visited four countries of Europe.
На сей день, я посетил четыре страны Европы.
They haven’t bought a new car yet.
Они пока еще не купили новую машину.
Have they spoken yet about their plans for the summer vacation?
Они уже говорили о своих планах насчет летнего отпуска?
The secretary had already typed all the letters when her boss returned from the seminar.
Секретарша уже отпечатала все письма, когда ее босс вернулся с семинара.
The program maker will have completed the program by the end of this week.
Программист закончит программу к концу этой недели.
Task 1. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the Present Perfect Tense:
1.You ever (to be) to Paris?
2.I (to know) them for many years.
3.He just (to fly) from Rome.
4.They (not to write) any letters to Mark since 1980.
5.My friend saw me in May, but he (not to see) me since.
Task 2. Choose the proper tense of the verb:
1.I just (to buy) the new camera.
a)have bought; b) bought; c) will buy
2.Last year we (not to know) much about the computer.
a)has not known; b) did not know; c) have not known
3.I never (to hear) about that poet.
a)have heard; b) has heard; c) heard
4.I was alone in the office, all my colleagues already (to leave).
a)have left; b) has left; c) had left
5.Some new monuments (to appear) in Saint-Petersburg by 2010.
a)had appeared; b) will appear; c) will have appeared
Task 3. Translate the following word combinations into Russian:
to communicate with; to transmit electronic pulses; ideal means; business communication; to convert texts and graphics; telephone lines; computer network; to address a letter; to post a letter; a series of electronic pulses; PC-fax card; to send a message; to generate a fax
Task 4. Read and translate the text:
SOME COMMUNICATION OPTIONS.
Fax-machines and electronic mail (e-mail) are two great developments of the 20-th century. With their help you can communicate with your friends or relatives very quickly. You shouldn’t write a letter on paper, shouldn’t address it or put it in the post box. You simply generate it on your PC, give it an electronic destination and send it over your computer network. My American friend hasn’t seen me since the beginning of the year, but with the help of e-mail we could correspond very often and tell each other news and share opinions.
Besides e-mail business organizations often use fax-machines. How do they operate? Fax-machines convert texts and graphics into a series of electronic pulses. Fax-machines transmit these pulses over the telephone lines and reconstruct them into a duplicate or “faximile” of the original at the receiving machine.
Fax is the ideal medium for rapid and informal messaging and it has become an important part of business communication. Fax has the advantage of speed and cost. A very short fax is cheaper than the post. If you have a PC, you can use a special PC-fax card in the back of your computer. In this case you generate a fax on your computer and send it over the telephone lines. You shouldn’t print out your fax first and you shouldn’t feed it into a fax-machine. PC-fax has become ideal for messaging to the outside world.
Notes:
message – информация messaging – обмен информацией
to feed (fed, fed) – вводить (в устройство)
Task 5. Write out the international words from the text and translate them.
Task 6. Write out the sentences with Perfect Tenses from the text.
Task 7. Choose the sentences that are true to the text.
Correct those statements that are false.
1.Fax-machines are mostly used by business organizations.
2.E-mail is a very fast way of exchanging information.
3.You don’t need a computer for e-mail.
4.Faxes are very expensive in operating.
5.Fax is the ideal medium for rapid messaging.
6.Fax has the advantage of speed.
7.Fax-machines transmit the pulses over television.
Task 8. Find in the text the answers to the following questions:
1.What is fax?
2.What advantage does fax have?
3.Do you generate a fax on a computer to send your message?
4.Is the electronic mail possible without a computer?
5.What do you do to send an e-mail letter?
Task 9. Choose the right word to fill in the blank:
1.Fax-machines work by … a text into a series of electronic pulses.
2.Fax-machines … the pulses over the telephone lines.
3.Fax-machines have great … .
4.Fax is the ideal … for rapid messaging.
5.You may … with other people with the help of e-mail.
a)communicate; b) converting; c) speed; d) means; e) transmit