UNIT 2.
GRAMMAR: Группа времен Simple (Present, Past, Future)
Группа времен Simple (она же - Indefinite) употребляется для описания периодически повторяющихся событий в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем, а также для объективных действий, на которые мы не можем повлиять. Сказуемые в этой группе времен часто сопровождаются такими наречиями как:
always (всегда), often (часто), seldom (редко), sometimes (иногда), last year (в прошлом году), next month (в следующем месяце) и т.д.
THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE образуется от инфинитива глагола и имеет окончание –s (-es) для местоимений и существительных третьего лица единственного числа.
Для образования отрицательной и вопросительной форм используется вспомогательный глагол do (does):
-Do you work at present?
-No, I don’t. I don’t work now because I study as a full-time student.
-Ты сейчас работаешь?
-Нет, я сейчас не работаю, поскольку учусь на очной форме обучения.
-Does your teacher help you to understand this rule?
-Yes, he does. He always helps me when I need his help.
-Твой преподаватель помогает тебе понять это правило?
-Да, он всегда помогает мне, когда надо.
Task 1. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the Present Simple Tense:
1.Many students of Russia (to come) to different Universities of the country to study.
2.The students (to attend) lectures and seminars.
3.My friend (to study) at the University of Radio and Communication.
4.The teacher (to explain) the material well.
5.In spring the students (to take) their exams.
6.Summer (to come) after spring; autumn (to come) before winter.
7.The computer (to perform) a lot of operations.
8.You (to study) English?
9.They (not to come) to their lectures every day.
10.This professor (to deliver) lectures on Physics?
Task 2. Put the sentences into the interrogative form:
1.This University trains specialists in shipbuilding.
2.The program maker designs different programs for computers.
3.Many people speak English quite well.
4.The students take exams twice a year.
THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE
PAST SIMPLE TENSE образуется от инфинитива глагола путем прибавления к основе глагола окончания –ed. Однако, есть множество т.н. «нестандартных» глаголов, формы которых следует искать по «Таблице нестандартных глаголов» во втором столбце.
Например: a) work – worked; study – studied; play – played b) see – saw; write – wrote; speak – spoke
Для образования отрицательной и вопросительной форм используется вспомогательный глагол did:
-Did you study English at school?
-Yes, I did. But I studied English 10 years ago.
-Ты учил английский язык в школе?
-Да, учил. Но я изучал английский 10 лет тому назад.
-Did you come from Siberia?
-No, I didn’t. I came from the Ukraine.
-Ты приехал из Сибири?
-Нет, я приехал с Украины.
Task 3. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the Past Simple Tense:
1.These students (to come) from Murmansk.
2.When I (to be) a child I (to live) in the Crimea.
3.My parents (to like) to rest on the Black Sea coast when they (to be) young.
4.Last year the shop (to sell) a great number of computers and notebooks.
5.He (not to work) at the plant, he (to work) at the Research Institute some years ago.
6.Pushkin (to write) his first poem when he (to study) at the Licium.
7.The students (to begin) to make the experiment an hour ago.
Task 4. Put the sentences into the negative form:
1.I studied at the University in the 19-th century.
2.Alexandra Marinina wrote her first book when she was a school-girl.
3.February came after March.
4.We celebrated the Millennium in 1999.
5.Albert Einstein invented radio.
6.He studied three languages at our University.
7.The postman brought the newspapers in time.
THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола will (shall) перед инфинитивом смыслового глагола.
Для образования отрицательной и вопросительной форм используется этот же вспомогательный глагол.
-The students will work at the laboratory tomorrow.
-Завтра студенты будут работать в лаборатории.
-They won’t (will not) go to London next year.
-Они не поедут в Лондон в следующем году.
-Will you take a test in English this term?
-Yes, I will. I will take it in late December.
-Будешь ли ты сдавать зачет по английскому языку в этом семестре?
-Да, буду. Я буду сдавать его в конце декабря.
Task 5. Change the Present into the Future:
1.The students study English. Next year …
2.The lab-assistant makes measurements in the laboratory. Tomorrow…
3.The factory produces parts of the machine-tools. In some months…
4.The Japanese firm works at the design of computers of new generation. For the next two years…
Task 6. Read and translate the text. Write out the unknown words.
Some Facts About the English Language.
Two thousand years ago English did not exist. People began speaking English only a thousand years ago. It was the language of two million people. Now it is the most influential language in the world. More than a billion people on the planet speak English as their first, second or third language. Nowadays English dominates science, business, popular culture and mass media. It is the language of e-mail and the Internet. But where will English be at the end of the third millennium? Some linguists think that it will dominate the world trade and media, it will become the language of scientific conferences and political institutions. But of course it will not be the only language in the world. There are about 6500 languages in the world, and people will always speak their mother tongue and will always protect their native language from extinction. Some linguists speak about the “new Englishes” such as American English, Australian English, Canadian English. There are even dictionaries of the “new Englishes” full of words that a British English speaker will never understand.
Task 7. Find in the text English equivalents to the given Russian:
язык; родной язык; популярный язык; в настоящее время; научный; средство связи;
защищать; словарь; существовать; поп-культура.