основы физики твёрдого тела
.pdf»
. , . ,
. , .
, 2010 .
539.21 (075)
22. 37 73
17
:
. - ., . . . ;
. - . .- . , . .
. . , . , . , . . .
17 . . - : , 2010. - 62 .
.
.
, 2010
2
, ,
,
. , ,
.
: ,
.
,
.
.
,
, ,
. (
) ( -
) ( ).
:
), .
, .
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
, ,
: ( ).
.
,
, ,
.
.
3
1..
.
– , ( , ,
. .)
. , ,
, .
.
.
, ,
.
.
.
.
.
.
, .
.
. :
,
,
.
. ,
.
(
, .) :
. –
.
, .
,
,
), 10–4 .
,
.
– ( . 1.1).
4
|
|
|
. 1.1
, .
, 10–6 10–8 ,
– .
,
, ,
, , .
.
1.2.
.
, :
, ,
, .
,
.
1.
. ~104 .
. ,
, , ,
. ,
, , ,
, .
. ,
, .
~106 .
.
,
5
.
, . 106 ,
.
4.
. 106 .
5. ,
, , , ,
. . , ,
.
.
. , , ,
.
, ,
. ,
.
.
: |
U exp( r / ) , r – , 0.053 |
|||||||||||
F |
|
|
|
– . |
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
F |
|
|
||||||||
0 |
r0 |
F |
r |
|
. |
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
r |
|
: |
||||||
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
U |
|
F |
|
U exp( r / ) , |
|
– |
, |
|
||||
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
r |
|
||||||||
0 |
|
|
: |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
||||||||||
Uc |
|
|
|
|
|
|
F , |
|
||||
r
;
F ,
, F ( .1.2).
r0 ,
,
, U .
, r0,
,
r0 ,
– .
6
,
.
,
.
.
, ( , ,
), .
. ,
x, y, z ( . 1.3): ox – a, 2a, 3a, … ma;
oy – b, 2b, 3b, … nb; oz – c, 2c, 3c, … pc .
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
r |
ma |
nb pc . |
||
|
, |
, |
|||||||
a |
b |
c |
|||||||
– ( . 1.4).
, ( )
|
. |
|||
, |
|
, |
|
|
a |
b |
c |
||
. .
,
( . 1.3).
( )
. ,
, .
.
. .
: a, b, c
|
, , . |
|
|
|||
( . 1.4). |
|
|
||||
|
|
z |
|
|
|
|
|
|
pc |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2c |
|
|
c |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
a |
c |
r |
y |
|
|
|
b 2b |
nb |
b |
|||
2a |
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
x |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
a |
|
|
7
, ,
.
,
( .1.5).
: ,
, , (
), ,
.
x, y, z. ,
: = b = c; = = = 90 0, , b, - , , -
.
.
: -
; ( ) -
; ( ) -
( .1.6).
14 ,
.
|
|
|
,
, . :
( ), ( )
) ( .1.7). ,
.
. ,
. . 1.8
8
.
.
,
a, b ( .1.8).
|
|
|
.
. .
, ,
, – ,
.
.
,
.
( , )
– .
,, L. , ,
( L), – HKL ,
– [[HKL]].
.
: x, y, z.
: x = Ha, y = Kb, z = Lc,
a, b, c – ; H, K, L – .
, H, K, L.
: [[HKL]]. (–)
. , x = –2a, y = –1b, z = 3c
: [[ 2 1 3 ]].
.
, .
[[HKL]] , .
[[HKL]] .
: [HKL]. ,
,
, .
9
.
A, B, C, .
: A, B, C
, : 1/A, 1/B, 1/C.
. D.
H D / A , K D / B , L D / C .
: (HKL).
(100) |
(110) |
(111) |
, , ,
A =1/2, B = 2, C =1/3. 1/A = 2, 1/B= 1/2, 1/C = 3. D= 2. : H = 4, K = 1, L = 6.
: (416).
( )
d a H 2 K 2 L2 , |
|
a – . |
, H, |
K, L, |
|
.
. 1.9.
1.4.
. ,
.
( .1.10).
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
. , ,
, ,
10