angl

M lhfm dmldm d•fgZlb sh [m\ gZc[eb`q_ ^h klhem

\qbl_ey [m\ g_\_ebdbc dZf•gv

Descriptive attributive clauses also belong to one member of the main clause but are not connected with it so tightly. Such subordinate clauses can be easily omitted without distorting the content of the main clause. Compare:

The manager of our office, who is a highly educated man, speaks several foreign languages.

F_g_^`_j gZrh€ mklZgh\b ydbc } \bkhdhhk\•q_gbf, jhafh\ey} d•evdhfZ •gha_fgbfb fh\Zfb

The connective word in sentences of such a type can be easily replaced by the coordinating conjunction (kmjy^gbc kihemqgbd and the pronoun, e.g.:

In the street I met some children, who (= and they) showed me the way to the station.

GZ \mebp• y amklj•\ ^•l_c yd• • \hgb ihdZaZeb f_g•

^hjh]m gZ klZgp•x.

In English restrictive attributive clauses are more tightly connected with the main clause than in Ukrainian. In terms of punctuation it is revealed in the way that English restrictive attributive clauses are not separated by comas whereas in Ukrainian all attributive clauses are separated by comas [5; 144–145].

5. Adverbial clauses / I•^jy^g• h[klZ\bgg• j_q_ggy

Such clauses are of various types in both languages.

5.1. Adverbial clauses of place / i•^jy^g• j_q_ggy f•kpy.

In both languages the sentences of such a type characterize the action of the main or principal clause, pointing towards its place or direction.

English sentences are joined to the main clause with the help of the connective words where, wherever, whence.

Ukrainian adverbial clauses of place are connected with the principal clause with the help of the connective words ^_ dm^b a\•^db jhaf \•^d•ev a\•^d•ev). Unlike English in the Ukrainian main clauses there can be observed the use of the so-called demonstrative words – adverbs, having spatial meaning, – lZf lm^b a\•^lb jhaf a\•^l•ev \•^lb), for example:

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A\•^lb, a\•^db gZ l_fghfm nhg• g_[Z \k_ qZkl•r_ kiZeZom\ZeZ [ebkdZ\dZ aZ]mjdhl•\ ]j•f

In the English main clauses demonstrative words of such a meaning are not used in similar cases, and the main function of the expression of relations of place and direction is rendered with the help of the connective word and the context. Compare:

I shall go where my brother lives. Y ih€^m lm^b ^_ `b\_ f•c [jZl [5; 147–148].

5.2. Adverbial clauses of time / i•^jy^g• j_q_ggy qZkm.

The adverbial clauses of time are joined in English to the main one with the help of the conjunctions when, while, as, after, before, till, until, since, as long as, etc. In Ukrainian the adverbial clauses of time are joined with the help of the following connective words and conjunctions: dheb \•^dheb ihdb jhaf ihd•ev), Z` ihdb ^hdbjhaf ^hd•ev), Z` ^hdb yd i•key lh]h yd \ f•jm lh]h yd l•evdb yd l•evdb l•evdb sh shcgh e_^\_ kdhjh and others.

In English the function of conjunctions of adverbial clauses of time can be fulfilled also by some adverbs, for example, directly, immediately:

I recognized the place directly I saw it. – Y i•agZ\ p_ f•kp_ yd l•evdb ch]h ih[Zqb\.

Immediately he received the telegram, he started for Kyiv. –

Yd l•evdb e_^\_ shcgh \•g h^_j`Z\ l_e_]jZfm \•g \b€oZ\ ^h Db}\Z.

The connective function with the meaning of time is performed in modern English also by some nouns or word-combinations: the moment (\ lm fblv yd), the day (\ lhc ^_gv dheb), the evening (m lhc \_q•j dheb), the next time (gZklmigh]h jZam), at the time (\

lhc qZk yd), by the time (^h lh]h qZkm dheb), etc.:

The moment I saw him I understood everything. – M lm fblv yd y ch]h ih[Zqb\ y \k_ ajhamf•\

The peculiarity of Ukrainian adverbial clauses of time are the composite conjunctions of the type i•key lh]h yd \•^lh^• yd \ lhc qZk yd \•^lh^• yd a lh]h qZkm yd, \ lhc qZk yd etc. The first part of such a conjunction can be placed in the main clause, whereas the second part yd (dheb) – is in the subordinate clause and is separated from the first one by the intonation pause, and by coma in writing, e.g.:

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Ajh[bfh p_ i•key lh]h, yd mk• fZl_j•Zeb [m^mlv i_j_\•j_g•

[5; 147–149].

5.3. Adverbial clauses of manner (attending circumstances) / i•^jy^g• j_q_ggy kihkh[m ^•€ kmijh\•^gbo h[klZ\bg

Adverbial classes of manner are joined in English with the help of the conjunctions as, the way, as if, as though. They point out in what way the action of the main clause takes place. Rather often such a sentence bears in its meaning some sort of comparison, connected with the shade of suggestion, e.g.: You speak so as if you did not know me. – <b ]h\hjbl_ lZd g•[b \b f_g_ g_ agZ}l_.

In Ukrainian such subordinate sentences are joined with the help of the connective word yd and the conjunctions: yd g•[b fo\ g_fh\ gZq_, g_gZq_ g•` jhaf Zg•`), sh and others. All of them (except g•` qbf) have a correlative word lZd in the main clause, which is concretized by the subordinate sentence: <•g •rh\ lZd, gZq_ ^h[j_ agZ\ ^hjh]m.

Among the adverbial clauses of manner there are differentiated in both languages the three subtypes:

a)Adverbial clauses of manner proper \eZkg_ kihkh[m ^•€ , joined in English with the help of the conjunctions: as, as … as and others; in Ukrainian – yd sh sh[, e.g.: You ought to write as he does. ;m^_ lZd yd ohl•eZ lb (< KhkxjZ

b)Adverbial clauses of comparison ihj•\gyevg• with the

conjunctions: in English as if, as though; in Ukrainian yd g•[b fh\ g_fh\ gZq_ g_gZq_, e.g. I remember this story as if (as though) I had just read it. : \•g fh\ g•qh]h g_ qm\ •^_ kh[• ^Ze•

: FZebrdh

The peculiarity of English adverbial clauses of comparison is that their predicate is used in the form of conditional mood: He spoke as if (as though) he knew this question very well.

In Ukrainian the adverbial clauses of comparison are also widely used in conditional mood, where almost all conjunctions can be joined with the particle [b [: Ih ljZ\• iebeb o\be• gZq_[lh p_ [m\ g_ em] Z j•qdZ.

c) Adverbial clauses of result (gZke•^dh\•) with the conjunctions: in English so … that; in Ukrainian sh Z`, for

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example: He played so that we admired him. <h^Z [¶}lvky \ [_j_]b

Z` hkhdZ rmfblv E_ky MdjZ€gdZ [5; 149–150].

5.4. Adverbial clauses of measure or degree / i•^jy^g• j_q_ggy f•jb Z[h klmi_gy. These adverbial clauses are very close in their meaning to adverbial clauses of manner. While the latter usually explain the verb-predicate of the main clause, adverbial clauses of measure or degree refer to some adjective or adverb in such a sentence.

In English such sentences are connected with the main clause with the help of the conjunctions as…as, so…as, as, as if, as though, not so...as and others, e.g.: He played so well that everybody admired him. – <•g ]jZ\ lZd ]Zjgh sh \k• gbf aZohibebky.

In Ukrainian the adverbial clauses of measure or degree also include clauses joined with help of double conjunctions qbf«lbf sh«lh qbf«lh and others, for example: Qbf \bs_ ^_j_\h lbf,

]eb[r_ c^_ dhj•ggy Sh ^Ze• fb aZ]eb[ex\Zebky \ e•k lh l_fg•r_ klZ\Zeh gZ\djm]b [5; 150–151].

5.5. Adverbial clauses of purpose / i•^jy^g• j_q_ggy f_lb

English adverbial clauses of purpose are joined with the help of the conjunctions that, in order that, so that, lest, for fear (that). These clauses are marked in the way that their predicate has a special modal expression. Very often it is used in the analytical form of conditional mood: I speak slowly so that you may understand me. Y ]h\hjx ih\•evgh sh[ \b f_g_ ajhamf•eb.

In Ukrainian such clauses are joined most often by the conjunctions sh[ and ^ey lh]h sh[, less often by – Z[b, for example: <•g i•^_ lm^b sh[ ihqmlb \k_ kZfhfm [5; 151].

5.6. Adverbial clauses of cause / i•^jy^g• j_q_ggy ijbqbgb.

Adverbial clauses of cause are joined in English to the main clause with the help of the conjunctions because, as, since, now that. Sentences with the conjunction because point towards the immediate cause of action or state, which is spoken about in the main clause, while the adverbial clause of cause with the conjunction as usually motivates content of the main sentence. Compare:

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I went away because there was no one there. – Y i•rh\ [h lZf g_ [meh g•dh]h.

As there was no one, I had to work alone. – Hkd•evdb lZf g_ [meh g•dh]h y fmkb\ ijZpx\Zlb h^bg

Besides the mentioned conjunctions the adverbial clauses of cause are joined with the main clause also by means of the composite conjunctions, which originated from the substantival and participial word combinations, for example: for the reason that, on the ground that, seeing that, considering that.

In Ukrainian most frequently used in adverbial clauses of cause conjunctions are: [h lhfm sh q_j_a l_ sh lbf sh \•^ lh]h sh sh Z sh Z yd and others. The most peculiar of them are [h lhfm sh q_j_a l_ sh, for example: <•g g_ oh^blv gZ a[hjb

lhfm sh [h€lvky djblbdb [5; 152].

5.7. Adverbial clauses of condition / i•^jy^g• j_q_ggy mfh\b.

In English the adverbial clauses of condition are joined with the help of the conjunctions if, unless, but that, in case, provided, suppose, supposing and others. The most often of them is the conjunction if. The conjunctions unless and but having negative meaning, point to the fact that the action of the main sentence can take place only in case, when the action of the subordinate sentence does not take place, for example:

He is sure to come unless he has some urgent work to do. –

<•g h[h\¶yadh\h ijbc^_ ydsh l•evdb \ gvh]h g_fZ} ydh€-g_[m^v ^m`_ l_jf•gh\h€ jh[hlb.

Adverbial clauses of condition are characterized by distinct modality. That is why they are so widely used in conditional mood.

In English complex sentences with adverbial clauses of condition are characterized by asyndentic connection. By this there is often observed inversion, for example: Had it not been so late, I should have stayed longer.

Widely spread in English are eleptical clauses of condition of the type: If necessary, I shall do it. I am sure you would act in the same way if in his place.

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In Ukrainian adverbial clauses of condition are connected with the help of the conjunctions dheb ydsh yd yd l•evdb Z[b kdhjh jZa and others. When the adverbial clause of condition is placed before the main one, then the latter starts with the conjunctionequivalent lh: Yd[b y agZeZ sh ^•`^mky sh ih[Zqm lh s_ [ i•^h`^ZeZ L R_\q_gdh [5; 153].

5.8.Adverbial clauses of concession / i•^jy^g• j_q_ggy

^himklm.

Adverbial clauses of concession are joined in English with the help of the conjunctions and the connective words though (although), in spite of the fact that, notwithstanding that, whoever, what ever, however, no matter that.

Though it was only nine o'clock, there were few people in the streets. – Ohq [meh ebr_ ^_\¶ylv ]h^bg gZ \mebpyo [meh fZeh ex^_c

He went out in spite of the fact that he was quite ill. – <•g \bcrh\ ohq [m\ ah\k•f o\hjbc.

In Ukrainian adverbial clauses of concession are joined with the main clause by means of the conjunctions and the connective words ohq (ohqZ ohlv), oZc (g_oZc), ^ZjfZ sh g_a\Z`Zxqb gZ l_ sh yd g_ kd•evdb g_ and others. These conjunctions can have as their correlatives the adversative conjunctions Z Ze_ h^gZd ijhl_ etc., for example: Ohq m`_ ebkly iZ^Zeh hk•ggx iZoeh Z ijhl_ [meh

l_ieh lZ ykgh I Fbjgbc [5; 156].

5.9.Adverbial clauses of result / i•^jy^g• j_q_ggy

gZke•^dm.

Adverbial clauses of result are joined in English to the main sentence with the help of the composite conjunction so that or the conjunction that, which has as its correlative the demonstrative adverb so, compare:

She sat behind me so that I couldn't see her face. – <hgZ kb^•eZ ihaZ^m f_g_ lZd sh y g_ f•] [Zqblb €€ h[ebqqy.

The weather was so bad that the plane could not start. –

Ih]h^Z [meZ lZdZ ih]ZgZ sh e•lZd g_ f•] \be_l•lb.

Ukrainian adverbial clauses of result have the same type of conjunction lZd sh c : I•^ohibeb \k• \k• \jZa • a mk•o kbe lZd

sh dhg• rZjZogmebky gZ[•d X Kfhebq

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In both languages adverbial clauses of result usually occupy the position after the main clause [5; 155–156].

Discussion questions and exercise tasks:

I. Consider your answers to the following:

1.Dwell upon the nature of complex sentences in English and Ukrainian.

2.Describe the subject subordinate clause in both contrasted languages.

3.Are there any difficulties in singling out predicative subordinate clauses in English and Ukrainian?

4.Compare the means of joining object clauses to the matrix clause in contrasted languages.

5.Is there any difference between English and Ukrainian descriptive attributive clauses and descriptive attributive clauses?

6.Describe the peculiarities of adverbial clauses in both contrasted languages. Provide examples of the main types of adverbial clauses in English and Ukrainian.

II. Identify complex sentences in the passages below. Dwell upon the types of clauses in these sentences; describe the means of connection of subordinate clauses to the matrix clause.

1.Temple is guilty of outright cowardice, as was National Public Radio when, in 19994, it decided not to air a series of AbuJamal commentaries on prison life. Some folks have speculated that both Temple and NPR knuckled under to pressure from the Fraternal Order of Police (FOP). That the FOP wouldn’t want a convicted cop killers views on the air is understandable. But I feel some voices need to be heard. (newspaper writing)

2.There are many players who might win the Masters, many who could. But the feeling about Faldo is that if he is at the top of his game, he could win it. That he is ranked only No 4 in the world at the moment is due to the eccentricity of the system. His first Masters win has now slipped from his ranking points. (newspaper writing)

3.Republican presidential nominee Bob Dole has said, “If World War III were declared, the media would still ask me about

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abortion.” That the media are fixated upon the differences within the GOP regarding abortion no longer is in doubt. That they don’t just as enthusiastically dissect the differences within the Democratic Party regarding abortion and same-sex marriages is a troubling example of poor journalism. (newspaper writing)

*The material is taken from “Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English Workbook” by Susan Conrad, Douglas Biber, Geoffrey Leech, Pearson Education Limited, 2003. – P. 75.

III. Identify the type of adverbial clauses in the sentences below. Identify the type of subordinator in each case.

1.Whenever I phone them up they all pretend to have emigrated to Australia (conversation).

2.Because schizophrenia is a brain disorder, it’s nobody’s fault, she says (newspaper writing).

3.For hours he sat there as if deliberately waiting me out (fiction writing).

4.It’s not my fault if you don’t pass your exams (conversation).

5.She was dark skinned and in her late fifties, although she looked much younger (fiction writing).

6.I haven’ been there since I was a kid (conversation).

7.Since the purpose of the list is heuristic, there is no harm in “mixing categories” this way (academic prose).

8.“Trouble just seemed to follow me wherever I went – except here,” he said (newspaper writing).

9.As far as farmers are concerned tree planting has not been integrated into their work patterns or land management (newspaper writing).

10.If I were you I wouldn’t have told her (conversation).

*The material is taken from “Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English Workbook” by Susan Conrad, Douglas Biber, Geoffrey Leech, Pearson Education Limited, 2003. – P. 86.

IV. Identify the type of clauses in the sentences below; describe the means of connection of subordinate clauses to the matrix clause.

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>_gv d•gqZ\ky mklmiZxqb ^hjh]m \_qhjh\• sh \`_ oh\Z\ky m ^h\]bo l•gyo ^m[•\ k_j_^ dms•\ e•sbgb gZq_

khjhfeyqbkv khgpy < =`bpvdbc

G_fZ} \ k\•l• [mj• sh[ h]hgv fh]eZ aZ^mlb \•qgbc lZ ijZ\^b\bc 1 Dhq_j]Z

<•^^Zcl_ f_g• fh\m ydhx f•c gZjh^ f_g_ [eZ]hkeh\b\E Dhkl_gdh

4. 1 kl_`_qdZ ^_ lb oh^beZ dhexqbf l_jghf ihjhkeZL R_\q_gdh

;eZ]hkeh\_ggZ lZ ykgZ ]h^bgZ dheb ^bly qblZ} ³Dh[aZjy´> IZ\ebqdh

KlZeb kimkdZlbky \ yj a\•^db ih\•yeh oheh^hf • ijh\Zeeyf = Lxlxggbd

AZeZablb \ qm`m ^mrm – p_ lZd_ ` aeh^•ckl\h yd aZeZablb

\qm`m dhfhjm F Kl_evfZo

Olh ohq_ [mlb \hevh\hx ex^bghx lhc g_ fh`_ g_ ih[hjhlb \ kh[• g_\i_\g_g•klv F O\bevh\bc

Y \_kv [m\ yd i•kgy yd Zdhj^ kmfm sh aeb\ky a i•kg_x fhjy khgpy • kd_ev F Dhpx[bgkvdbc

Yd i_j_^Zlv `mj[m [_a djZx sh aZdm\ZeZ k_jp_ \ e•^"< KhkxjZ

*The material is taken from the text-book L_jeZd A MdjZ€gkvdZ fh\Z A[•jgbd \ijZ\ •a kbglZdkbkm lZ imgdlmZp•€ – Ev\•\ K\•l –

P.135–136.

V. Identify the type of connection between simple sentences within the composite sentence:

1) the coordinate connection unites one simple and one or several complex sentences;

2) the coordinate connection unites two or several complex sentences;

3) the coordinate connection unites two or more simple sentences, which have a common subordinate clause.

Name the types of compound and complex sentences. Think of your own examples of similar sentences in English.

<•g aZ]jZ\ – • a i_jrbo a\md•\ mk• a[Z]gmeb sh \•g [m\

fZckljhf k\h}€ kijZ\b FZjdh <h\qhd

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Kl_iZg \i_jr_ aZ p_c \_q•j h^•j\Z\rbkv ih]ey^hf \•^ a_fe• i•^\•\ hq• ^h g_[Z • qm^g_ lj_fl•ggy ijhcgyeh ch]h dheb ih[Zqb\ m]hj• j•`hd f•kypy k_j_^ agZchfbo a•jhd lh]h f•kypy sh

k\•lb\ chfm c gZ k_e• < I•^fh]bevgbc

Khgp_ • ih\•ljy ehkdhqmlv shdb Z a_e_gv yebgh\bo ]•ehd \b]ey^Z} a-i•^ kg•]m lZd k\•`h sh a^Z}lvky gZ^\hj• klh€lv \_kgZ

h^y]g_gZ m [•e• rZlb F Dhpx[bgkvdbc

>_j_\Z klhylv ihogxib\rbkv • qmlb yd iZ^Zxlv €og• kevhab gZ a_fex < I•^fh]bevgbc

Olh g_ [m\ \bkhdh lhc ajh^m g_ a[Z]g_ yd kljZrgh – \iZklb • olh g_ a\bd ^h qbklhlb djbrlZex g_ lyfblv yd lh ly`dh – aZ[jm^gblbkv E_ky MdjZ€gdZ

=jb]hj•c DhkbgdZ g•[b gZib\ky a ihlhdm Kl_nZgbdZ km\hjh€ ]•jdh€ • l_jidh€ ijZ\^b `blly • \•^djbehky chfm yd lj_[Z

p•gblb keh\h A ]Za

Khgp_ l•evdb-l•evdb \b]ey^Zeh a-aZ ydh]hkv e•kdZ sh l_fg•\ ih djZ}\b^m lhg_gvdhx kfm`dhx • jhkZ s_ g_ \klb]eZ jha•clbky lmfZghf ih a_e_ghfm ihex < <bggbq_gdh

O\be• k\•leZ ebebkv a g_[Z • qhjg• l•g• ^_kv ihs_aeb g_gZq_ khgyqg_ kyc\h aZ]gZeh €o m a_fex F Dhpx[bgkvdbc

Fb i•^_f ^_ ljZ\b ihobe• ^_ ahj• \ ykg•c ^Zebg• • dZj•€ hq• • jmq_gvdb [•e• ghqZfb gZkgylvky f_g• : FZebrdh

*The material is taken from the text-book L_jeZd A MdjZ€gkvdZ fh\Z A[•jgbd \ijZ\ •a kbglZdkbkm lZ imgdlmZp•€ – Ev\•\ K\•l –

P. 173–174.

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