angl

Fb a lh[hx c^_fh kl_`dhx \ kZ^m F Jbevkvdbc

Qbkl_ k\•`_ ih\•ljy gZkbq_g_ [meh iZohsZfb ebih\h]h p\•lm lZ `Zkfbgm 1 NjZgdh

Ieb\_ h\_pv hlZjZ \ [•e•f fhehp• k\h}€ \h\gb; -1 :glhgh\bq

Ly`dh-\Z`dh mfbjZlb m qm`hfm djZx L R_\q_gdh

GZcqbkl•rZ ^mrZ g_ajZ^eb\Z < Kbfhg_gdh

:o kd•evdb kljmg \ ^mr• ^a\_gblv He_dkZg^j He_kv

Y ex[b\ amklj•qZlb \_q•jg• i_j_evhlb gZ pvhfm ha_j•

F O\bevh\bc

: jZilhf \k_ fh} `blly ^h pvh]h [meh ebr i_j_^fh\hx `blly" ; He•cgbd

LZjZk =jb]hjh\bq R_\q_gdh g_\•^^•evgbc \•^ mdjZ€gkv- dh€ dmevlmjb H =hgqZj

*The material is taken from the text-book L_jeZd A MdjZ€gkvdZ fh\Z A[•jgbd \ijZ\ •a kbglZdkbkm lZ imgdlmZp•€ – Ev\•\ K\•l –

P. 35.

III. Define what parts of the sentence are expressed by the numbered words:

Render these sentences into English; state the differences and similarities in the expression of parts of the sentence in both languages.

a) IZohs• a ebib • d\•lhd ghkbebky \ ih\•lj• • jha\•\Zebky rbjhdbfb o\beyfb ^Ze_dh gZ\djm]b IZgZk Fbj- gbc

< hq_j_l• [•e•eZ kj•[ghx klj•qdhx JZkZ\Z 1 G_qmc- E_\bpvdbc

Kj•[ebklbc f•kypv lboh qZj•\g_ k\•leh eb\ gZ khggm a_fex(6) 1 NjZgdh

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Yd jha[_sm} ex^bgm kZfZ fh`eb\•klv ijbgb`m\Zlb(7) •grbo lhilZlb(7), jhaklj•ex\Zlb [_adZjgh H =hgqZj

Kyxlv [eZdbllx gZ khgp• \h^b >g•ijZ G Jb[Zd

IeZ\Z\ e_[•^v [•ehdjbebc(10) ih ]eb[hdhfm klZ\m(11)Y Sh]he•\

7. >hjh]bfb ^ey f_g_ klZeb kobeb >g•ijZ : FZ-

ebrdh

=h\hjb fZeh kemoZc [Z]Zlh Z ^mfZc s_

[•evr_ G l\

<_a_ FZjdh DZl_jbg•(15) kmdgZ ^hjh]h]h L R_\-

q_gdh

10.< ^Ze_q•gv oheh^gm [_a `Zex aZ e•lhf kbgvhhdZ hk•gv €^_ gZ\fZggy < KhkxjZ

b) 1. G_ agZcrh\rb [jh^m g_ e•av m \h^m G l\

2.<ghq• a_fey ^m[•eZ \•^ fhjham < DhaZq_gdh

OfZjb dhlbebky h^gZ aZ h^ghx(4), h^gZ aZ h^ghx(4)

[_adhg_qgbf dZjZ\Zghf = Ohld_\bq

4.Ex[h\• c \•jb g_\fbjms• a_jgZ ih_l ihk•y\ gZ eZgm k\h€f F Jbevkvdbc

Ex^bgZ [_a gZp•hgZevgh]h aZa_fe_ggy(6) – i_j_dhlbihe_ Z[h c ibe gZ \•ljZo •klhj•€ « < Y\hj•\kvdbc

6.Agh\m [•[e•y e•lZ jhadjbeZ klhj•gdb aZdhehk_gbo i•ev / FZeZgxd

G_ rmdZc djZkhlb Z rmdZc ^h[jhlb G l\

8.H^ \•ljh\bo m^Zj•\ l•evdb \Z`dh ihkdjbimxlv

kgZkl• lZ ajhklZxlv gZ\djm]b k\•leh-kbg• kg•]h\• ^xgb1 Dbjbe_gdh

<boh^blv ^•\qbgZ •a oZlb(14) \h^b a djbgbp• gZ[bjZlb : FZebrdh

Ljhob \•jblv k_jp_ \ aZ[h[hgb(17), eh]•dZf mk•f gZi_j_d•j F Jbevkvdbc

GZ g_[• ahj• kbgvhhd• • e_[•^v(19) – f•kypv gZ ofZjdZoHe_dkZg^j He_kv

1 g_\b^bf• \ ims• kheh\¶€ `Z]m kheh^dm \ a\mdb(20) \beb\Zxlv F Jbevkvdbc

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*The material is taken from the text-book L_jeZd A MdjZ€gkvdZ fh\Z A[•jgbd \ijZ\ •a kbglZdkbkm lZ imgdlmZp•€ – Ev\•\ K\•l –

P. 50–51.

IV. Analyze the following sentences according to the type of syntactic structures they contain that is structures of: 1) predication, 2) complementation; 3) modification and 4) coordination. Translate these sentences into Ukrainian and compare the types of structures in original sentences and their equivalents.

1.She smoothed her satin dress nervously (fiction writing).

2.The plan also earmarks 20 million pounds of capital investment for safety measures (newspaper writing).

3.In Anchorage we saw killer whales (conversation).

4.The latest market research confirms that consumers now put safety at the top of their list of desirable features in a car (newspaper writing).

5.The most central sites will be more attractive that others for all types of land users (academic prose).

6.EEG recording is technically difficult and fraught with potential artifacts due to muscle movement (academic prose).

7.There was in the sky more than a hint of summer lightning (fiction writing).

8.Mosses made the way soft and held many scents of marsh orchids (fiction writing).

9.Analysts have attributed the general weakness in the construction industry to high interest rates (newspaper writing).

10.I just talked to Don Jones you know our former board member (conversation).

*The material is taken from “Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English Workbook” by Susan Conrad, Douglas Biber, Geoffrey Leech, Pearson Education Limited, 2003. – P. 65–66.

V. Analyze the following sentences according to the type of secondary predication constructions they contain, known traditionally as: 1) Complex Object; 2) Complex Subject; 3) Absolute Construction/Prepositional Construction (with or without

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participle); 4) For-to-Infinitive Construction, 5) Gerundial Predicative Construction. Define the type of syntactic structure (predication, complementation, modification or coordination) they enter in the sentence. Suggest the ways of rendering the English sentences with secondary predication structures into Ukrainian.

1.She could hear the wasp singing a love song to her as he flew above the trees (Pat Conroy).

2.[…] we could be found discussing every aspect of our vocation (Kazuo Ishiguro).

3.For a moment Christoff appeared badly shaken (Kazuo Ishiguro).

4.Now she seemed infected with anxiety (P.D. James).

5.[…] I’ll get it started (John Grisham).

6.Your father would go through the roof if he heard you asked for a sport coat now (Pat Conroy).

7.Determined not to repeat my earlier mistake of prevaricating, I leaned forward decisively, my intention to cut Inge off with a bold announcement of who I was […] (Kazuo Ishiguro).

8.The northerners were moving at a faster pace than usual, almost a lope, in rough Indian file, with Darius leading (William Boyd).

9.So they repeat certain things to themselves, and after a while, they begin to believe themselves authorities (Kazuo Ishiguro).

10.But you are not making it clear to me (Pat Conroy).

11.[…] and there were times when he still felt he was doing the only thing a man of his instincts could be expected to do (Pat Conroy).

12.Workmen were expected to turn their hands to anything within the limits of their trade […] (Flora Thompson).

13.A door to a neighbouring room had been left ajar through which several female voices could be heard chattering away (Kazuo Ishiguro).

14.Candleford seemed a very large and grand place to Laura

[…]( FloraThompson).

15.We let her float by herself but she seemed unbalanced and unsure of herself (Pat Conroy).

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16.Privately, with no one to jeer at her weakness, she allowed the tears to fall unchecked (Rosamunde Pilcher).

17.Her cycle of poems “Considering Manhattan” was completed in one feverish three-month period when she felt her powers return (Pat Conroy).

18.Waiting for someone to answer the call, she found herself undecided […] (Rosamunde Pilcher).

19.She insists on me doing it alone (John Grisham).

20.“I’m sorry I’m not a heart surgeon or a white-shirt banker, Lila,” my father said, “but it’s about time you quit being ashamed of me being a shrimper” (Pat Conroy).

21.I don’t get paid to have people scream at me (Pat Conroy).

22.Luke had maneuvered the boat up beside us and I could hear it idling […] (Pat Conroy).

23.His eyes took it all in, his children gaily savoring those fresh glands as an act of defiance against the man of the house (Pat Conroy).

24.[…] even the truck driver had surrendered to whatever mass hysteria had possessed the rest of us and he stood with his arm cocked […] (Pat Conroy).

25.Boris shrugged, his attention fixed on the waitress, now in the process of extricating an elaborate confection from out of the display cabinet (Kazuo Ishiguro).

26.Savannah and I stayed behind with our mother as Luke left the house and walked the back road through the swamp, the wind at his back (Pat Conroy).

27.“Since we’re practically paupers, it must have been damn creative, Henry,” my mother said, her mouth a thin line across her face like a knife-cut on a piece of fruit (Pat Conroy).

28.I was out, but Mrs Cooper took it down and left it for me to find (Rosamunde Pilcher).

29.I’ve arranged for a car to take me to the concert hall, it should be waiting for me (Kazuo Ishiguro).

30.No doubt the fact of our being so close to its actual setting had made irresistible the prospect of going through it all again (Kazuo Ishiguro).

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CHAPTER 11

The composite sentence. The compound sentence

1. The composite sentence

A composite sentence (kdeZ^g_ j_q_ggy in English and Ukrainian, like in all other languages, contains two or more primary predication centers mostly represented by as many corresponding clauses. Structural types of the composite sentence are identified on the ground of the syntactic reflection (and connection) of its predicate parts which are not always distinctly identified. Thus, common in the syntactic systems of English and Ukrainian are sentences that are semantically intermediate between simple extended on the one hand and composite sentences on the other. These are the so called semicompound and semi-complex sentences. For example, the sentence “One doesn’t give up a god easily and so with White Fang”

(J. London) cannot be treated as a simple extended one. Neither can it be identified as a composite sentence since the second part in it (and “so with White Fang”) contains no subject and no predicate and wholly depends on the predicative center of the first clause. Though the implicitly perceivable subject is the demonstrative pronoun “it’ which logically requires the predicate verb “be”. Compare: One doesn’t give up a god easily, and so (it is/ it was) with White Fang in Ukrainian equivalents are as follows:

1)G_ lZd e_]dh \•^fh\blbky \•^ k\h]h \eZkgbdZ – [h]Z kZf_ lZd • \ ;•eham[py.

2)G_ lZd e_]dh \•^fh\blbky \•^ k\h]h \eZkgbdZ – [h]Z kZf_ lZd [meh p_ • \ ;•eham[py.

Similarly with English extended sentences containing the secondary predication constructions or complexes, as they are traditionally called, that represent semi-complex sentences as well. They mostly correspond to Ukrainian complex sentences. Compare:

White Fang felt fear mounting in him again (J. London). ;•eham[_pv \•^qm\ sh ³gbf hiZgh\m} kljZo´ (the construction “fear mounting in him”) becomes an object clause: White Fang felt/ how/that fear was mounting in him.

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Present-day Ukrainian has only some similar constructions of this nature. Compare: <•g aZklZ\ ^\_j• \•^qbg_gbfb <•g aZklZ\ ^\_j• \hgb [meb \•^qbg_gbfb.

The absence of the secondary predication constructions in Ukrainian makes it impossible to obtain direct correlative transforms of some simple and composite sentences. Hence, English compound sentences may have complex sentences for their equivalents in Ukrainian. Compare:

He leaned far out of the window and he saw the first light spread (J. Galsworthy). –

<•g \bkmgm\ky ^Ze_dh a \•dgZ • ihf•lb\ sh ihqbgZxlv ijh[b\Zlbky i_jr• ijhf_g•.

Because of the Objective-with-the-Infinitive construction in the second English clause of the compound sentence above the Ukrainian equivalent of it can be only an object subordinate clause.

Nevertheless, the nature of the composite sentence is quite similar in English and Ukrainian. Similarity is observed first of all in the nomenclature of the Major Syntax units represented by the compound and complex sentences [10; 388–389].

2. The compound sentence with conjunctions

There are several types of the compound sentence depending on the meaning of the conjunction in English and in Ukrainian: copulative (}^gZevg• disjunctive (jha^•eh\• adversative ijhlb- klZ\g• , as well as compound sentences with causative and consecutive interrelations between clauses (kdeZ^ghkmjy^g• j_q_ggy a ijbqbggh-gZke•^dh\bfb \•^ghr_ggyfb f•` kdeZ^h\bfb qZklb- gZfb j_q_ggy .

2.1. The copulative compound sentence.

In the English language the copulative sentences are joined by conjunctions and, neither … nor, now … now, not … but. In Ukrainian the typical conjunctions in this type of the sentence are: •

c lZ lZ c • «• « g• « g• « Zg• « Zg• « and others.

The most widespread of them are the English conjunction “and” and the Ukrainian conjunction “• c ”. They render a variety of relations between sentences.

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The peculiarity of the Ukrainian conjunction • is the fact that it has its phonetic variant c with which it alternates depending on the phonetic syllable of the closest to it surrounding words. Sometimes the conjunction c has also a semantic difference, pointing towards the closer connection in comparison to the conjunction i.

The main shades of meaning of the Ukrainian conjunction i and the English and coincide. They render first of all the following meanings:

a)The proper copulative meaning (\eZkgh-}^gZevg_ agZq_ggy when there is a connection of very close according to their content sentences. Compare: =jbf•eh ihlvfZj_g_ fhj_ a^Zey • `Zjhf qZ^beZ ajm^•eZ a_fey F ;Z`Zg). I heard a click, and a little glow lamp came into being (H. Wells).

b)The adjoining meaning (ijb}^gm\Zevg_ agZq_ggy when the first sentence is accompanied by the second sentence for the completion or development of the idea expressed by the first sentence. In English grammars this meaning is also sometimes called a copulative-relative meaning (}^gZevgh-\•^ghkg_ agZq_ggy Compare: F_g• qhfmkv a^Z\Zehkv sh lj_[Z clb ^h^hfm • p_ [meh }^bgbf fhlb\hf ydbc afmkb\ f_g_ i•lb I had a vague idea of going on to my own house, and that was as much motive as I had

(H. Wells).

c)The meaning of recounting (i_j_e•qm\Zevg_ agZq_ggy

Compare: 1 l•eh \ gbo f•pg_ • ie_q• \ gbo rbjhd• • fbkev hnhjfbeZ himde• €o eh[b F ;Z`Zg . The sun set, the windowshutters were closed, and the street was empty.

d)The meaning of consequence (gZke•^dh\_ agZq_ggy when the second sentence is the result or consequence from the idea expressed in the first sentence. M f_g_ ^m`_ fZeh qZkm • y g•yd g_ fh`m kdZaZlb \Zf ijh \k_ (X Dhjg•cqmd). But he was sick and weary; and he soon felt sound asleep (Ch. Dickens).

Unlike Ukrainian • c the English conjunction and is also widely used with the copulative-adversative meaning (\ }^gZevgh- ijhlbklZ\ghfm agZq_gg• which mostly corresponds to the Ukrainian conjunction a. Compare: You have your opinion, and I have mine. M l_[_ k\hy ^mfdZ Z m f_g_ k\hy.

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The Ukrainian conjunction lZ c is used less frequently in the Ukrainian language than the conjunction • c though it can render the same shades of connection.

The composite conjunction (kdeZ^_gbc kihemqgbd lZ c is used mainly in the copulative function, denoting the transfer to some action which either finishes the development of events or intervenes in it. For example: Hlh ^b\b\kv 1\Zkbd ^b\b\kv lZ c aZ[he•eZ ]heh\Z

I LbqbgZ

The copulative-negative meaning (}^gZevgh-aZi_j_qgbc a\¶yahd) is formed in the English language with the help of negative conjunctions neither, nor, not only … but; in Ukrainian – g• « g• « Zg• « Zg• « g_ l•evdb « Z Ze_ • c . Compare:

Mrs. Septimus small let fall no word, neither did she question June about him (J. Galsworthy).

She would not put him off; nor would she make a scene in public (J. Galsworthy).

G•^_ g• kh[ZdZ g_ ]Z\dg_ g• \Zjlh\bo g_fZ} X Ygdh\- kvdbc

:g• r_e_klm g_ [meh qmlb Zg• dheboZggy g_ [meh ihf•lgh

FZjdh <h\qhd

The Ukrainian conjunction g_ l•evdb « Z Ze_ • c has as its correspondence close in the meaning the English conjunction not only … but, which shows that the action in the second sentence goes in parallel with the first sentence and does not contradict it. Compare:

GZ djmiZo dhg_c ijhklmiZeb g_ l•evdb gZijm`_g• f¶yab Z c dh`gZ djh\¶x gZeblZ `bedZ 1evq_gdh

And Germany had not only violated the Treaty of London, but she had seized a British ship on the Kiel Canal (H. Wells).

The negative conjunctions in English neither … nor and in Ukrainian g• «g• Zg• «Zg• are antonyms to the English conjunction both … and and the Ukrainian conjunction yd « lZd •, which in both languages are more widely used in a simple sentence with homogeneous members h^ghj•^gbfb qe_gZfb but sometimes also join parts of the compound sentence, for example: Yd lb qheh\•d lZd • y qheh\•d (: L_ke_gdh) Both he will come there, and I will call on them [5; 138–139].

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2.2. The disjunctive compound sentence.

The disjunctive compound sentences are joined in English with the help of the conjunctions or, either … or, and in Ukrainian – Z[h Z[h «Z[h qb; qb «qb lh «lh g_ lh « g_ lh qb lh « qb lh and others. In both languages the connection between parts of such a sentence is very close; if to omit one part of such a sentence, the other will lose its sense, e.g.:

The boy’s wife might have died; or he might have come back and said, "Father, I have sinned" (W. Thackerey).

Qb i•^iZe_gh qb fh`_ kZf• g_h[_j_`gbfb [meb F Dhpx-

[bgkvdbc

In Ukrainian the quantity of disjunctive conjunctions is a bigger one than in English, but the most spread of them are the conjunctions Z[h and qb. The conjunction Z[h has the most general meaning, pointing towards the separation of things or ideas, whereas the conjunction qb is derived from the interrogative particle and that is why retains the interrogative shade of meaning. Compare: JZilhf omjqZ\ Z\lhfh[•evgbc fhlhj Z[h kmjfb\ deZdkhg X Kfhebq QZkhf dZqdZ \ ih\•lj• ^a\_gblv qb dZ`Zg ijhlb f•kypy ]jZ}

F Jbevkvdbc

The double conjunctions Z[h «Z[h qb «qb lh «lh g_ lh « g_ lh qb lh « qb lh denote the separation in the facts alternation (Lh fb ^h gbo oh^beb lh \hgb ^h gZk – (X Dhjg•cqmd

The conjunction g_ lh « g_ lh renders simultaneously doubt or hesitation: G_ lh hk•gg• \h^b rmf•eb a[•]Zxqb \ >mgZc g_ lh \•l_j [b\ky \ aZehfZo ijh\Zeey F Dhpx[bgkvdbc > –140].

2.3. The adversative compound sentence

This type of sentence connection is rendered with the help of conjunctions Z Ze_ lZ Ze_ lZd aZl_ ijhl_ h^gZd \k_ ` and others in Ukrainian; but, while, whereas, or as well as with the help of connective adverbs (kihemqg• ijbke•\gbdb yet, still, nevertheless, however, otherwise.

The main expression of such relations between sentences is performed in English by the conjunction but. In Ukrainian it has as its correspondence the conjunction Ze_. Both these conjunctions are used in the following main meanings:

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