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1)English infinitive can be used in the function of the attribute of the modal character. This attribute by its meaning equals to the subordinate sentence, the predicate of which expresses the action that should take place in the future, e.g.: the conference to open

(dhgn_j_gp•y, ydZ ih\bggZ ihqZlbky/\•^[mlbky), the sum to be paid (kmfZ, ydm lj_[Z \bieZlblb).

2)It has the ability to enter a number of syntactic constructions: the so called “complex object”, “complex subject”, where it performs, e.g., the function of the secondary predicate, as well as the verbal compound predicate where it performs the function of the predicative and others.

3)English infinitive can be easily used as the nominal (predicative) member of the compound nominal predicate after the linking verb “to be”. In Ukrainian the infinitive cannot be used after the linking verb “[mlb”, compare: The task of the boy was to open the door. AZ\^Zggy oehipy ihey]Zeh m lhfm, sh[ \•^qbgblb ^\_j•. To see her was to love her. ;Zqblb €€ hagZqZeh ex[blb €€. To read books is to learn. QblZlb dgb`db – hagZqZ} p_ agZqblv mqblbky.

4)In English the passive and the perfect forms of the infinitive are widely used after the verbs of the incomplete predication (^•}keh\Z g_ih\gh€ ij_^bdZp•€), e.g.: He only asked to be alone. <•g l•evdb ijhkb\, sh[ ch]h aZebrbeb gZ kZfhl•. He must have come to the station. <•g, fZ[mlv, m`_ ^•crh\ ^h klZgp•€. In Ukrainian in corresponding cases the subordinate sentence is used, or the personal form of the verb in the simple sentence with the parenthetical words (\klZ\g• keh\Z) fZ[mlv, gZi_\gh;

5)In English the infinitive can render the predicate relations to some names, bound with it in the sentence, e.g.: He is a man to do it. –

<•g – ex^bgZ, ydZ ajh[blv (ih\bggZ ajh[blb) p_. I want him to come first. Y ohqm, sh[ \•g ijbcrh\ i_jrbc. As it is obvious from these sentences it is characteristic to use subordinate sentences in these cases in Ukrainian.

6)On the other hand, in Ukrainian the noun or the pronoun, which denote the doer of the action, can be used before the infinitive or can be absent, e.g.: Y gZdZaZ\ (chfm) aZqbgblb \•dgh. <hgZ

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ihijhkbeZ (kbgZ) ijbg_klb kdeygdm \h^b. In English in both cases mentioning of the doer is an obligatory one: I told him to close the window. She asked her son to bring a glass of water.

7) In colloquial English the infinitive can sometimes be used in the function of the predicate without the linking verb, e.g.: I, do it! Never! In Ukrainian we use other constructions in such cases: Sh[ y p_ ajh[b\! G•dheb! [5; 98–99].

One more peculiar feature of the infinitive in both contrasted languages is its ability to build analytical forms like shall bring, will bring, should bring, would bring, [m^m ibkZlb, etc.

The infinitive representing an action in its most general form is often treated as the initial or indefinite form of the verb. The infinitive is in both languages one of the main forms of the verb which can be used independently in the sentence and can also be the basis for other verb forms to be created.

3. The English participle versus Ukrainian

^•}ijbdf_lgbd and ^•}ijbke•\gbd

Participle as the English verbal form combines both the features of adjective and adverb. Being used in the attributive meaning, it corresponds to Ukrainian ^•}ijbdf_lgbd, but when it is used in the circumstantial meaning, it corresponds to our ^•}ijbke•\gbd. So, we should constantly bear in mind, that the term “^•}ijbdf_lgbd”, which is usually used regarding the English Participle in grammars and textbooks of the English language published to be used in Ukrainian schools, is rather incorrect and conventional one.

Complex forms of the English Participle are built with the help of the same auxiliary verbs as the corresponding personal verb forms. Together with verb forms they enter the general system of conjugation. Ukrainian ^•}ijbdf_lgbd and ^•}ijbke•\gbd stand separately from the personal forms of the verb and have their peculiar characteristic features. The Ukrainian ^•}ijbdf_lgbd combines in itself the categories of the verb and the adjective, and that is why it is often called the verb-noun form (^•}ke•\gh-•f_ggZ nhjfZ), that is the intermediate from between the verb and the adjective. Such features of Ukrainian ^•}ijbke•\gbd as its morphological unchangability

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(g_af•gg•klv) and the typical syntactic function of the circumstantial word, also witness about the fact that it is by itself the intermediate lexical-grammatical category, transitive from the verb to the adverb [5; 99].

The English Participle. The English Participle is characterized by a rather complex system of forms, in particular: Participle I or Present Participle in active and in passive states (finishing, being finished), Participle II or Past Participle (finished) and Perfect Participle (according to Yu.O. Zhluktenko Participle III) in active and in passive states (having finished, having been finished) [5; 99].

The active Participle I (swimming) can have the attributive and the circumstantial meanings, so it can correspond to the Ukrainian ^•}ijbdf_lgbd of the present tense (ieZ\Zxqbc) or to the verbal descriptive attributive construction (lhc, olh (ydbc) ieZ\Z}) or to

^•}ijbke•\gbd (ieZ\Zxqb).

The passive Participle I (being asked) has more often a circumstantial than the attributive meaning, it corresponds usually to the Ukrainian verbal descriptive construction (dheb f_g_ aZiblZeb), more seldom to ^•}ijbke•\gbd ([m^mqb aZiblZgbf).

The Participle II has only an attributive meaning that is why it mainly corresponds to the Ukrainian passive ^•}ijbdf_lgbd: finished

– aZd•gq_gbc, aZd•gqm\Zgbc.

The Perfect Participle is used only with the circumstantial meaning. It corresponds mainly to the Ukrainian ^•}ijbke•\gbd of the past tense, or to the verbal descriptive construction, e.g.: having finished (aZd•gqb\rb, dheb/i•key lh]h yd; y … \•g aZd•gqb\); having been finished ([m\rb aZd•gq_gbf/dheb (i•key lh]h, yd) ch]h … €€ aZd•gqbeb. This English participle cannot be used, when we should render the continuity of the action sequence ([_ai_j_j\g•klv ke•^m\Zggy ^•c), whereas the Ukrainian ^•}ijbke•\gbd of the past tense (ajh[b\rb, ijb€oZ\rb, kdZaZ\rb) can express both the antecedence of the action (i_j_^m\Zggy ^•€) as well as discontinuity of the action succession ([_ai_j_j\g•klv ke•^m\Zggy ^•c).

Having the present and perfect forms the English participle expresses the category of tense. But being constantly used in the function of the secondary, subordinated part of the sentence, it is

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seldom used with the independent tense meaning. Almost always its tense meaning is a dependent one and is determined by its correlation with the predicate or the circumstance of time. Participle I mainly stresses upon the simultaneous character of the action denoted by it action with the action denoted by the predicate, whereas the Perfect Participle shows the action which was prior to the action of the predicate and was finished till the beginning of another action.

The category of aspect is revealed by the English participle inconsistently and in a limited way (g_ihke•^h\gh • h[f_`_gh). The aspect meaning of its forms is usually subordinated to their tense meaning and is not always expressed clearly. Participle I in the attributive function has mainly the aspect processual (ijhp_kmZev- gbc) meaning (the man smoking … ex^bgZ, ydZ aZjZa dmjblv …), in its circumstantial usage it usually does not have the clear aspect meaning. Past and Perfect Participles have the aspect meaning of the action completeness: done, having done (ajh[e_gbc, ajh[b\rb).

The English participle has also the forms of the active and the passive states.

Unlike the Ukrainian participle, the English participle does not have any of noun categories – gender, number, case. It is widely used for building of analytical tense-aspect personal verb forms and as well can enter as a constituent part specific English syntactic constructions, in particular, the so called “Absolute Participial Construction”, “Complex Object with Participle” and others [5; 99–100].

Ukrainian ^•}ijbdf_lgbd/participle. Since the Ukrainian participle bears the meaning of two parts of speech – the verb and the attribute, it has some categories of the verbal character and other categories of the attributive character.

Each participle belongs to the same aspect as the verb from which it is created. Correspondingly the tense form is built: participles formed from the verbs of the imperfective aspect have the tense forms of the past and the present tense, and participles formed from the verbs of the perfective aspect have only the forms of the past tense.

Ukrainian participles have also the category of state. Active participles render the characteristic feature caused by its carrier himself, that is the feature, which is directly bound with the modified

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object or is caused by the activity of its carrier, e.g.: kyxq_ h[ebqqy, ijZpxxqbc jh[•lgbd, ihkb\•e_ \hehkky. They can have the meaning of the present tense of the imperfective aspect (ajhklZxqbc, iZgmxqbc, \bdhgmxqbc) or the meaning of the past tense of the perfective aspect (ih`h\debc, gZ\bkebc, a[e•^ebc).

In modern Ukrainian active participles of the present tense with suffixes -mq- (-xq-) and -Zq- (-yq-): jhklmqbc, \bdhgmxqbc, ijZ\ey- qbc are used rather rarely, at this according to their meaning they are close to normal adjectives of the type e_`Zqbc, kb^yqbc. In corresponding cases more often the attributive construction of the type: lhc, sh (ydbc, olh) jhkl_ (\bdhgm}, ijZ\blv) is used. In English these participles as well as the attributive construction have as their correspondences the Participle I of the active state (growing, fulfilling, ruling).

Active participles of the past tense of the perfective aspect are formed with the help of the suffix -e-: hkbjhl•ebc, a•le•ebc, kdZf’yg•ebc, ihf_jl\•ebc, kom^ebc, ih`h\debc. They are formed only from prefixal intransitive verbs, which render the state, and have the limited sphere of usage. Instead of them as well as with nonprefixal intransitive and transitive verbs the attributive verbal constructions of the type lhc, sh kom^gm\ (ydbc) kom^/ibkZ\, jha[b\) are more often used. In English the mentioned participles and constructions are rendered by the descriptive constructions of the type: who became thin, who wrote (was writing, has written).

Passive participles of the present tense are not formed in modern Ukrainian. In their meaning the reconsidered forms of passive participles of the past tense, formed from transitive verbs of the imperfective aspect, are used very often: h[]h\hjx\Zg_ iblZggy, \`b\Zgbc aZk•[ and others. Here the participle of the past tense begins to acquire the meaning of the present tense, e.g.: the phrase

\`b\Zgbc gbfb aZk•[, which earlier has the meaning “aZk•[, ydbc \hgb \`b\Zeb”, is now used with the meaning “aZk•[, ydbc \hgb aZjZa \`b\Zxlv”. In parallel the verbal descriptive constructions are widely used: ydbc (sh ch]h) h[]h\hjxxlv (\`b\Zxlv).

Passive participles of the past tense are formed with the help of suffixes -l-, -g-, -_g-, (-}g-) from the verbs of the perfective aspect: gZibkZgbc, a]Z^Zgbc, \`blbc.

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In English Ukrainian participles of the present tense have as their correspondences: a) Participle I of the passive state – if the action is happening at the given moment of speaking (being discussed, being used); b) Participle II – if the common or the repeated action is rendered (discussed, used). Passive participles of the past tense have as their correspondence Participle II (written, mentioned, used).

Expressing similarly to adjective the characteristic feature of some object, Ukrainian participle is declined according to genders, numbers and cases. All participles are declined in the same way as normal adjectives of the hard group [5; 100–102].

Following is the contrastive analysis of participles’ main features in English and Ukrainian languages. So, the participle is a verbid characterized by the following properties:

1.The dual lexico-grammatical meaning of “qualifying action”.

2.Typical stem-building elements. Special suffixes: -ing (Participle I), -ed, -t, -en (Participle II) in English. Participle II is sometimes characterized by an internal inflexion (written) or by a zero suffix (put). Suffixes -Zq (yq), -mq (-xq) for active participles and -g, -_g (-}g), -l for passive participles in Ukrainian.

3.The grammatical category of voice (see a paradigm below) in

English.

The Paradigm of Participle

In Ukrainian participles similar to verbs have the categories of tense, aspect and voice. The participle retains the aspect of the verb from which it is built (\bdhgm\Zlb – \bdhgmxqbc, gZibkZlb – gZibkZgbc). Similar to adjectives it has the categories of gender and case and is coordinated in the form with the noun it precedes regarding its gender, number and case.

Taking into consideration their aspectual character Ukrainian participles are subdivided into active and passive ones. Each of these

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groups has the present and the past tense (participles do not have the future tense).

Active participles point towards the character of some acting object. In the present tense they render the simultaneous character of the action with the action of the finite verb (M l_fg•xqhfm g_[• ykdjZ\h kyyeZ \_q•jgy a•jdZ). They are formed from the stems of the present tense of transitive and intransitive verbs of imperfective aspect by adding suffixes -Zq (yq), -mq (-xq) and adjectival endings (ijZ\blb – ijZ\eyqbc, \•^ihqb\Zlb – \•^ihqb\Zxqbc).

Passive participles render the quality of the action upon which the action is directed (GZ e•kh\•c ]Zey\bg• klhyeZ oZlZ djblZ hq_j_lhf). Passive participles in Ukrainian have only the form of the past tense and thy are formed from the base of the infinitive by adding suffixes: -g (ibkZlb – ibkZgbc), -_g (-}g) (\_e•lb – \_e_gbc),

-l (fblb – fblbc) [15; 188–189].

4. Its peculiar combinability partly resembling that of the verb (the participle is associated with adverbs, with nouns and pronouns denoting the object of the action), and partly that of the adjective (it modifies nouns) and of the adverb (it modifies verbs) [24; 190].

As it has already been mentioned, the adjectival and the adverbial features of the participle are connected with its combinability.

English Participle II is mostly used with nouns, e.g.: my forgotten friend … .

As to Participle I, the combinability of different grammemes is different.

The non-perfect active participle may modify both nouns and verbs, e.g.: his smiling eyes; smiling slyly, he stretched out his hand.

The non-perfect passive participle usually modifies verbs, but occasionally nouns, e.g.: Not being invited there I chose to stay at home.

The other grammemes are used only to modify verbs, e.g.:

Having been detained by the flood, he came late.

English participles like those of Ukrainian and other languages may sometimes develop into adjectives, the idea of quality gradually overshadowing that of action, as in standing water – klhyqZ \h^Z, a

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charming woman – qZjmxqZ `•gdZ. They may develop into nouns, the idea of substance outweighing that of action – the wounded – ihjZg_gbc, the accused – h[\bgm\Zq_gbc. Both adjectivization and substantiviation involve the change of combinability and function that is they are cases of conversion.

The peculiarity of the English participle is its ability to build analytical forms like is asking, is asked, has asked, is being asked, etc. As to the verbal features of English Participle I they do not differ essentially from those of the infinitive and the gerund. Whereas the grammeme traditionally called “past participle” (Participle II) stands somewhat apart. It possesses a number of peculiar features which are worth considering in detail.

Subjective verbs such as to exist, to die, to lie (e_`Zlb), etc. which, as a rule, are not used in a passive voice, have no Participles II used independently (that is, they cannot be parts of analytical words). There are but a few exceptions to this principle such as: runaway, fallen, couched, collapsed, vanished, gone, come, faded withered, retired, e.g.: a fallen idol, vanished civilizations, dream come true, etc [24; 190].

5. Its most characteristic syntactical functions of attribute, adverbial complement, etc.

Ukrainian ^•}ijbke•\gbd. >•}ijbke•\gbd (or in transliteration “dijepryslivnyk”) is the peculiar Ukrainian verbid combining the features of the verb and the adverb. It points towards some additional action and explains the main one, expressed by the finite verb (<•g •rh\ kh[•, ihogxib\rbkv, lboh \•^f•jyxqb djhd aZ djhdhf) [15; 191]. Thus, it is characterized by the following features:

1.Its lexico-grammatical meaning of the “character or quality of some action”.

2.Its typical stem-building elements depend upon the type of dijepryslivnyk.

Dijepryslivnyky of the imperfective aspect (of the “present tense”) are formed from the base of the present tense of verbs of the imperfective aspect with the help of suffixes -mqb(kv), -xqb(kv), -Zqb(kv), -yqb(kv), e.g.: ibrmqb, g_kmqbkv, ki•\Zxqb, \`b\Zxqbkv, e_`Zqb, g•`Zqbkv, klhyqb, klZ\eyqbkv. In English they mainly

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have Participle I of the active state as their equivalent: writing, singing. ^•}ijbke•\gbdb with the suffix -ky are rendered sometimes by the same participle of the passive state: being used.

Dijepryslivnyky of the perfective aspect (of the “past tense”) are formed directly from the form of the masculine gender singular of the past tense of the perfective aspect with the help of suffixes - rb(kv), -\rb, e.g.: ijbg•k – ijbg•krb, ijhqblZ\ – ijhqblZ\rb, mfb\ky – mfb\rbkv, ijbcrh\ – ijbcrh\rb.

In English these dijepryslivnyky have as their correspondences different verb forms:

1) Perfect Participle of the active state, e.g.:

AZd•gqb\rb jh[hlm, fb i•reb ^h^hfm. – Having finished our work, we went home.

2) Participle I of the active state, e.g.:

<•g klhy\, ijbobeb\rbkv ^h kl•gb. – He stood leaning against the wall.

3) Gerund with the preposition, e.g.:

<bdhgZ\rb aZ\^Zggy, \•g ih\_jgm\ky ^h^hfm. – After fulfilling the task he returned home [5; 102–103].

3. Dijepryslivnyk is the indeclinable word similar to adverb. It has common with the verb grammatical categories of tense, aspect and state.

Aspect characteristics are expressed very distinctly, where dijepryslivnyky of the imperfective aspect correlate with verb forms of the present tense, compare: ^jmdmxlv – ^jmdmxqb, kf•xlvky – kf•xqbkv, kb^ylv – kb^yqb, and the forms of the perfective aspect correlate with the verb forms of the past tense, compare: \•^fh\b\ – \•^fh\b\rb, ihh[•py\ – ihh[•py\rb, ijb€oZ\ – ijb€oZ\rb. That is why dijepryslivnyky of the imperfective aspect are very often called dijepryslivnyky of the “present tense” though they do not necessarily render the present action, but usually have the task to show the simultaneous character of the action with the action of predicate. Dijepryslivnyky of the perfective aspect are in the same way called dijepryslivnyky of the “past tense”, though they do not render the past action, but mainly point towards the fact that the action happened earlier than the action expressed by the predicate. So, the tense in

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dijepryslivnyky is expressed as the relative one, dependent, that is such, which is perceived not in accordance to the time of speaking, bit in accordance to the action expressed by the predicate. To compare – English participles also express the category of tense relatively, not absolutely.

Some dijepryslivnyky can lose the verb features and transfer into adverbs. This process is called adverbialization. Compare the dijepryslivnyk and the adverbialized dijepryslivnyk:

\klZxqb, aZ dh]h fhebl_kv? QZcdZ kdb]eblv e•lZxqb, fh\ aZ ^•lvfb ieZq_ (L R_\q_gdh [15; 192-193] .

4. The English gerund

The gerund is a verbid characterized by the following features:

1.Its dual lexico-grammatical meaning of “an action partially viewed as a substance”.

2.The typical group morpheme -ing.

3.The grammatical category of voice (see paradigm below).

The Paradigm of the Gerund

The gerund has the category of tense (the present and the perfect forms), which is expressed relatively: the present form of the gerund shows the simultaneous character of the action with the predicate action, whereas the perfect form expresses the action prior to the action, expressed by predicate. The priority of the action can be also expressed by the gerund present form in combination with prepositions on (upon) or after.

The category of aspect of gerund forms is connected with the category of tense and is subordinated to it. Whereas the category of state is expressed very distinctly: both tense forms of gerund have passive forms: reading – being read, having read – having been read.

4. The combinability resembling that of the verb (the gerund is associated with adverbs, with nouns or pronouns, denoting the object

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