Учебник с грамматикой

1. He worked at the textile mill last year. 2. He does not speak English. 3. I shall graduate from the Institute in five years. 4. He is writing his test paper now. 5. She is not at the Institute now. 6. We have many friends abroad. 7. We did not study English at school. 8. They were translating the text for two hours. 9. They were at the seminar. 10. Have you learned the new words ? 11. In 1965 I was ten years old. 12. After this lecture we shall work at the laboratory. 13. We shall be translating this text for half an hour. 14. He has given us books for reading. 15 We had studied many books before we wrote our reports. 16. They will have got the results of fibre tests by summer. 17. I have been studying English for five months. 18. When he became a professor, he had been working as textile engineer for 15 years. 19. I asked them how long they had been waiting for me. 20. When I came to the Institute, the classes had begun.

Упр.2.Выберите правильный перевод предложений:

1. They have become good engineers.

а) Они станут хорошими инженерами б) Они стали … в) Они становятся …

2.They were discussing an important problem.

а) Они обсудили важную проблему. б) Они обсуждают … в) Они обсуждали …

3.Do you take part in research work ?

а) Ты участвовал в научной работе ? б) Ты участвуешь … в) Ты будешь участвовать …

4. They will have built a new house by the end of the year.

а) Они построили новый дом к концу года. б) Они строят новый дом в конце года.

в) Они построят новый дом к концу года.

Упр.3.Раскройте скобки, ставя глаголы в соответствующем времени.

1.My sister (come) to stay with us at the seaside.

2.I never (see) snow. I hope to see it when winter (come).

3.He (play) the piano then our guests arrived last night.

4.Did you post your letter after you (write) it ?

5. My secretary (not come) yet. She never (come) to work before nine. 6. He (finish) this work before you leave.

7.As I (run) downstairs I heard a shout.

8.When I (see) him he (sit) asleep in an armchair.

9.I am afraid he(not pass) his exam.

10.… you (see) him yesterday ? No, (not meet) his since he left our office.

11.I shall tell you a story as soon as you (be) in bed.

12.We (come) back sooner than you think.

13.That evening she (feel) very kind to everybody.

14.The little girl (lose) her doll and she can(t remember where she last (see) it.

15.It is very sad that you (be) ill such a long time.

16.I knew that you (not write) that letter since I sat opposite you.

17.Look ! The airplane (fall)!

18. Two friends (travel) on the road together when they met a bear. 19. She (become) a very good singer since we last met.

20.She (have) dinner here if she comes tomorrow.

21.At nine o(clock he still (do) his translation.

Типы вопросительных предложений

Упр.4.Прочитайте данные ниже вопросительные предложения. Определите порядок слов в вопросах различных типов.

1. Общий вопрос:

а) Do you learn English ? – Yes, I do.

-Now, I don(t.

б) Was silk fibre brought from China ? - Yes, it was. - No, it wasn(t.

2. Специальный вопрос:

а) When did you finish the secondary school ? б) What were you talking about ?

в) Who works at the library ? – My Mum does. г) Who is playing the piano now ? – They are.

д) What makes you think so ? – Her answer does.

3. Разделительный вопрос:

а) Your friend is a student, isn(t he ? б) Flax was not grown in Asia, was it ?

4. Альтернативный вопрос:

а) Do you like cucumbers or tomatoes ? – I like both.

б) Did he come home late or early yesterday ? – He came late yesterday.

Упр.5.Прочитайте, переведите и запомните вопросительные слова. Составьте 5 специальных вопросов с ними.

1.My brother gets up at 8 o(clock in the morning.

2.On Sunday they went to the cinema or to the theatre.

3.Our Institute is in the centre of the city.

4.I shall be 20 years old next year.

5.When they came home she was listening to the music.

6.We go to the Institute by bus because we live far from it.

7.It has taken me a week to solve this problem.

8. This book was published in Great Britain.

Forces

The word “force” is a general term for any push or pull. A force is always exerted on a body by another body or on a part of a body by another part.

A force may act through a contact, or it may act from a distance like gravitational or magnetic attraction. It may act on a point of a body or be distributed over a considerable area. But whether exerted through a contact or from a distance a force is always exerted on something and by something.

The force acts along the line. The line of action of any force is a line of indefinite length parallel to the direction of the force and containing its point of application. To specify a force, it is necessary to know its direction, magnitude and sense. Hence, forces are vector quantities. They must be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided vectorially. The ordinary arithmetic rules of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division used for scalar quantities cannot be applied, except in special cases. Forces can be represented by straight lines. The length of the line represents the magnitude of the force. The direction of the line is that of force. The head of the arrow of the line shows whether the force acts up of down, to the right or to the left, etc.

If a force acts on a body that is free to move, the body moves in the direction of the force. When two forces are applied in opposite directions, the body moves in the direction of the greater force. The force tending to move the body in this case is the difference between the two forces. When the forces act in the same direction, the equivalent force known as the resultant is the sum of the two forces.

Упр.I.Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим словам и

Упр.II.Ответьте на вопросы:

1.What is the word “force”?

2.What is a force always exerted by ?

3.How may a force act ?

4.What is the line of action of any force ?

5.What quantities are forces ?

6.Can ordinary arithmetic rules be applied to vector quantities ?

7.How can forces be represented ?

8.Where does a body move under the action of two forces ?

Упр.III.Переведите следующие группы слов с предлогами:

back in two years; to be in motion.

Упр.IV.Переведите на английский язык следующие группы слов, используя в качестве определения существительное в притяжательном падеже:

Книга друга, открытие Ньютона, фамилия ученого, стол инженера, недельный отпуск, работа студентов, интересы народа, доказательства Максвелла.

Упр.V.Переведите на английский язык следующие группы слов, используя в качестве определения существительное с предлогом “of ”.

Прогресс науки, библиотека института, название статьи, страница книги, план работы, развитие теории, обсуждение проблемы, направление силы, длина линии, величина заряда.

Упр.VI.Укажите, по каким признакам можно определить, что подчеркнутое слово является глаголом или существительным.

1. (use) Its use, we use, they use, they can use, the engineer uses this theory.

2.(form) its form, she forms, their forms, these forms, the surface forms it, particles form them.

3.(present) they present, its present use is, the paper presents it, the diagram presents them, birthday present.

Упр.VII.Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова:

1.Our work is difficult.

2.The students work hard.

3.The steel is very hard.

4.Light is a form of energy.

5.We light our rooms with electricity.

6.This suit-case is light.

7.The paper is white.

8.He works at a paper factory.

9.I paper my room every year.

Упр.VIII.Составьте из следующих слов и словосочетаний предложения, поставив глагол в Past Simple Tense.

1.My best friend, a scientist, to be.

2.This problem, often, to discuss, we.

3.The laws of motion, to state, Newton.

4.Maxwell, electricity and magnetism, to study.

5.Much time, on mechanics, to spend, the student.

Упр.IX.Найдите предложения, где подчеркнутое слово – глагол.

1.Like charges repel each other . Charge the battery, please.

2.The speed amounts to 60 km/h.

The process releases large amounts of energy.

3.The article deals nith a chain reaction.

A great deal of energy is produced every day in our country.

4.Radio-active substances play an important part as a means of obtaining atomic power.

What does the term “nuclear” mean ?

5.The release of energy was great. These processes release enery.

Упр.1.Укажите и переведите предложения, содержащие сказуемое в страдательном залоге.

1.The exercise was written by the students. The students have written the exercise well.

2.We were discussing these questions for 3 hours. The questions were being discussed for 3 hours.

3.The book was given to me by our teacher.

Our teacher has given me the book.

4.This magazine will publish an important article. This article will be published in this magazine.

5.The students asked many questions. Many questions are asked by the students.

6. Many experiments have been made by our students.

This is a laboratory where the students are making their experiments. Our students have made many experiments.

Упр.2.Заполните пропуски, выбрав нужную форму сказуемого.

Ознакомьтесь с особенностями страдательного (пассивного) залога в английском языке. Переведите данные в качестве примеров предложения.

1. В отличие от русского языка, где подлежащим в пассивной конструкции может стать только прямое дополнение (читать книгу – книга читается), в английском языке в этой функции употребляется и косвенное дополнение.

Например: He showed me a picture. (Active Voice)

a picture – прямое дополнение me – косвенное дополнение

A picture was shown to me (passive Voice I) I was shown a picture. (Passive Voice II)

a) I was told an interesting story.

б) My brother will be given an interesting work. в) Ann is promised a new dress.

2. В английском языке в функции подлежащего в пассивных конструкциях употребляются и предложные дополнения. Для правильного перевода таких предложений необходимо принимать во внимание предлог.

Например: They talk much about this book. (Active Voice)

about this book –предложное дополнение

This book is much talked about. (Passive Voice)

a) New manmade fibres were spoken of at the conference. б) She is ill, so the doctor has been sent for.

в) Children much speak when they are spoken to. г) When she wears this dress she is laughed at.

д) At college my friend was thought of as a future president. е) This room was not lived in for many years.

ж) The results of her experiment were referred to in the report.

Упр.3.Раскройте скобки, употребляя требуемую форму пассивного залога. Переведите предложения.

1.John (to ask) to bring his guitar to the party.

2.The library never (to close) before nine o(clock.

3.This newspaper (to print) every day for twenty years.

4.Tom and Bill (not invite) to the party yet.

5.This programme not always (to broadcast) at eight o(clock.

6.You (not to introduce) to Mr. Brown yet.

7.When he wanted to wear his suit, it (to dry-clean).

8.Tom(s pets (to feed) when I arrived, at his house.

9.While I (to introduce) to Mary, the telephone rang.

Упр.4.Переделайте следующие предложения в Passive Voice. Переведите получившиеся предложения.

1.The factory workers will appreciate improved conditions of work.

2.Does the librarians close the doors every night ?

3.Is the mechanic repairing Bill(s car ?

4.Does his neighbour feed Tom(s pets every day ?

5.James Watt invented the steamengine.

6.Did Tom(s mother make these cakes ?

7.Will man conquer space ?

8.Most people didn(t understand his lecture.