Учебник с грамматикой

Упр.VI.Переведите, определив, какой частью речи являются подчеркнутые слова.

1.The study of this phenomenon is very important.

2.The scientists study the structure of matter.

3.The generator charges the batteries. The charges of an electric and of a proton are equal in strength.

4.The group of young physicists works at some theoretical problems. Maxwell(s works on electricity and magnetism are widely known.

5.By what means can electricity be generated ?

Упр.VII.Подберите нужное по смыслу значение слова “as”( так как; как; когда; по мере того как; как, в качестве). Переведите предложения.

1.Newton stated the laws known as the laws of motion.

2.As man began to use fire in his life further, he found that it can be used in doing man(s work.

3.Ivan Polsunov is known as a great Russian mechanic.

4.Such devices as steam-engines of all kinds convert the energy of steam into mechanical work.

5.As work is the product of force and distance moved in the direction of the force, you can express it in any units of force and distance.

6.As Newton discovered his laws of motion, physics has advanced at a rapid pace.

LESSON II

Atomic Energy

Грамматика: Степени сравнения прилагательных.

Укачественных прилагательных 3 степени сравнения:

-положительная (в этой форме прилагательные стоят в словаре),

-сравнительная,

-превосходная.

Способы образования степеней

а) У односложных (не более двух слогов) прилагательных - при помощи суффиксов.

Рассмотрите таблицу односложных прилагательных и обратите внимание на правописание:

б) У многосложных (более двух слогов) прилагательных – путем прибавления особого слова - признака степени:

в) Исключения из правил:

льных:

Short, long, busy, poor, nice, clever, polite, pretty, shy, merry, early, sweet, talented, interesting, beautiful, unpleasant, comfortable.

Упр.2.Определите степень сравнения, переведите следующие предложения:

1. The longest river in Russia is the Lena. 2. He is my best friend.

3. This text is more interesting than that one. 4. The more you learn, the better you know. 5. The nearer the winter, the colder the days. 6. Cotton is more flexible than linen.

7. Cotton fibres are smoother, stiffer and straighter than wool.

8. Fibres saturated with water are 20 per cent stronger than dry ones.

Упр.3.Раскройте скобки, употребляя нужные степени сравнения.

1. He was only five years (young) than I was. 2. They stopped at one of (good) hotels in town.

3. At that moment he was (happy) person in the world. 4. Please, show me (short) way to the department store. 5. I hope to read this book (fast) than that one.

6. Ann plays the piano (bad) than the other girls.

7. I have (little) time for reading than my friends has. 8. Tom is (good) student than John.

4.You surely don(t expect me to sell it for … than I paid for it.

5.They live on the … side of the town.

6.Managers earn … than secretaries.

7.They all ate a lot but he ate the … .

8.He is a good player, but his brother is … .

Упр.5.Заполните пропуски, используя союзы as … as, so …as.

1.The weather in Moscow is … rainy … in London.

2.Mathematics is … important … physics.

3.Cotton is … elastic … wool.

4.She is … beautiful … her sister.

5.She isn(t … busy today … she was yesterday.

6.This book isn(t … interesting … that one.

ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ

Имена числительные делятся на количественные и порядковые. Количественные числительные обозначают количество предметов: How many books do you have ? – I have three books.

He is three years old.

Количественные числительные от 1 до 12 простые, у них нет окончаний

Количественные числительные от 13 до 19 оканчиваются на – teen

Слова dozen (дюжина), hundred (100), thousand (1000), million

(1000000) в английском языке существительные.

Обратите внимание на произношение сложных количественных

Обратите внимание на произношение года :

Порядковые числительные обозначают порядок предметов : Which boor are you reading ? – I am reading the first book.

Порядковые числительные до 20, кроме числительного first(первый), second (второй), third (третий), образуются от количественных при помощи суффикса - th

Four fourth (четвертый)

Six sixth (шестой)

Fifteen fifteenth (пятнадцатый)

Обратите внимание на написание и произношение следующих порядковых числительных :

fifth (пятый), eighth (восьмой), ninth (девятый), twelfth(двенадцатый)

При образовании порядковых числительных от количественных числительных 20, 30, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 прибавляется - eth и y меняется на i :

Сложные числительные типа двадцать первый и т.п. при образовании порядкового числительного изменяют форму только второго слова:

21 twenty one - twenty first (двадцать первый)

Упр.6.Напишите и произнесите следующие количественные числительные, образуйте от них порядковые числительные:

Упр.7.Напишите словами количественные числительные и образуйте от них порядковые числительные:

52, 48, 67, 74, 83, 99, 100

Упр.8.Напишите это по-английски и произнесите:

Упр.9.Произнесите следующие годы:

1345, 1567, 1799, 1823, 1945, 2000, 2002

Упр.10.Обратите внимание на произношение дат:

Lomonosov was born on November 19, 1711.

Дата читается: November nineteen seventeen eleven или on the nineteenth of November.

Произнесите следующие даты правильно:

She was born on April 21, 1978 He was born on May 2 , 1999.

They left for Moscow on June 17, 2000. We returned home on August 12, 2001. They saw her last on December 31, 1997. She sent him the letter on September 8, 2001

Усилительную конструкцию “ It is (was) … that (who) …” следует отличать от безличного предложения. Если предложение сохраняет

правильную структуру без элементов “ It is … that (who)”, то оно будет безличным.

Например: It is possible that they will come soon.

Возможно, что они придут скоро.

Но: (It is) they (who) will come soon.

Именно они придут скоро.

Упр.11.Прочитайте следующие предложения с усилительной конструкцией “ It is (was) … that (who) …” и переведите их:

1.It is English Grammar that is a very useful thing.

2.It was Shakespeare who wrote “Hamlet”.

3.It was Popov who discovered the radio.

4.It was by Russian scientists that many of the greatest discoveries were made.

5.It was in Russia that electric energy was turned into light.

6.It was he who worked there.

7.It is you who are responsible.

8.It was she who gave them the book.

9.It was I who met you there.

Упр.12.Сделайте следующие вопросительные предложения утвердительными. Переведите их.

1.Was it Shakespeare who wrote “Hamlet”?

2.Was it Mary who put forward this suggestion ?

3.Was it Popov who invented the radio ?

4.Was it Tolstoy who wrote “War and Peace” ?

5.Was it Mike who brought this letter ?

6.Was it “Titanik” that sank in 1912 ?

7.Was it JaneÔs husband who broke the silence ?

8.Was it Columbus who discovered America ?

9.Was it Sue who lutered the university ?

Atomic Energy

Some substances, such as radium and uranium, are “radio-active”. This means that the nuclei of the atoms of these substances are continually splitting up. When the nucleus of an atom of radio-active substance disintegrates, very small particles, known as alpha and beta particles, are thrown off with very great energy. At the same time, invisible rays, known as gamma rays, are produced. These rays are capable of passing through several inches of solid

metal. The energy produced by the splitting of the nucleus of an atom is called “nuclear” or atomic energy.

The electrically charged particles which are thrown off by radio-active substance can be accelerated to a very high speed. If one of these accelerated particles hits the nucleus of another atom, it will cause it to disintegrate. Atomic energy will thus be released. It is possible, though very expensive, to transfer atoms of one element to atoms of another by this means. But more energy is used in accelerating the particle than is released by the disintegrating of a nucleus. So this is not a method of obtaining atomic power for practical purposes.

Some atoms contain uncharged particles called neutrons. If the nucleus of an atom of Uranium 235, a rare from of uranium, is struck by a moving neutron, the nucleus will split, releasing both energy and another neutron. If the two neutrons collide with the more nuclei the same thing will happen. More energy and more neutrons will be produced, and the process will continue. Though the amount of energy released by a single nucleus is very small, when such a “chain reaction” is started, a great deal of energy can quickly be produced.

Упр.II.Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.What substances are known as “radio-active”?

2.When are alpha and beta particles thrown off ?

3.When are gamma rays produced ?

4.What is called “atomic energy” ?

5.How can electrically charged particles be accelerated ?

6.When will atomic energy be released ?

7.What is a neutron ?

8.What is a chain-reaction ?

Упр.III.Подберите синонимы к данным словам из предложенных ниже:

1. substance; 2. energy; 3. to use; 4. several; 5. atomic; 6. to hit; 7. to transform; 8. to change; 9. to start; 10. speed; 11. purpose; 12. ray; 13. a great deal; 14. to accelerate.

_________________

1. to vary; 2. nuclear; 3. power; 4. to begin; 5. velocity; 6. some; 7.beam; 8. very much; 9. aim; 10. to speed up; 11. matter; 12.utilize; 13.to strike; 14. force; 15. to convert.

Упр.IV.Подберите антонимы к данным словам из предложенных ниже:

_____________

1. to discharge; 2. to finish; 3. low; 4. invisible; 5. impossible; 6.purpost; 7. to liberate; 8. to disintegrate; 9. liquid; 10. to destroy;11.to decelerate; 12. rare; 13. to arrest.

Упр.V.Скажите по-английски, употребляя нужные предлоги:

Of

Природа материи(вещества); состоять из частиц; форма энергии; ядро атома; свойства материалов; иметь массу.

By

Закончить работу к семи часам; ехать на автобусе; получать энергию несколькими способами.

To

Пойти в кино; разговаривать с преподавателем; показывать студентам; в большей степени.

At

Учиться в институте; в то же самое время; в возрасте 18 лет; с большой(высокой) скоростью; в музее.

Упр.VI. Переведите предложения с парными союзами:

1.Both nuclear and solar energy will be used by man.

2.Both chemical and mechanical energy can be transformed.

3.Both neutron and proton are particles.

4.We were shown neither tables nor schemes.

5.Neither physics nor chemistry can do without mathematics.

6.Neither conductors nor insulators were studied.

Упр.VII.Переведите сочетания существительных:

1.substance explanation; process study; proton charge; sea level; power plant.

2.nucleus energy release; atom mass theory; atom energy application; nuclear physics progress4 power supply increase.

Упр.VIII.Определите, какое из существительных является определяемым, а какое – определением. Переведите сочетания:

1.energy production; energy production limit; energy production limit measure.

2.electricity transmission; electricity transmission line breakage.

3.surface tension; surface tension minimum; liquid surface tension minimum.

Упр.IX.Переведите слова с интернациональными корнями, не прибегая к помощи словаря:

Существительные: radium, uranium, problem, form period, system, turbine, metal, element, method, mass.

Прилагательные: interesting, atomic, radio – active, electric, practical.

Глаголы: to disintegrate, to accelerate, to produce, to contain.