3.3.7. The student body

A first-year student in college, university is called a freshman (slang alternatives that are usually derogatory in nature include “fish”, “fresher”, “frosh”, “newbie”, “freshie”, “snotter”, “fresh-meat”, etc.)rare.

A sophomore is a second-year student. Outside of the U.S. the term “sophomore” is rarely used, with second-year students simply called “second years”.

A “junior” is a student in the penultimate (usually third) year and a “senior” is a student in the last (usually fourth) year of college, university. A college student who takes more than the normal number of years to graduate is sometimes referred to as a “super senior”.

Most higher educatinal establishments in the USA are coeducational, with both male and female students. Some admit students of only one sex.

3.3.8. The faculty

In American English, the word faculty has come to be used as a collective noun for the academic staff of a university: senior teachers, lecturers, instructors and/or researchers (graduate students who teach and do research part-time). The term generally includes professors of various rank: assistant professors, associate professors, and (full) professors, usually tenured or tenure-track in nature.

3.3.9. Administrative staff

The chief administrator of a college or university is in most cases a president or chancellor. Each college ar separate school of a university generally has an academic dean or director. He or she leads the faculty in preparing the course of study for the college or school, and takes part in university planning. Most universities and colleges are controlled by a board of trustees or a board of regents, which approve educational policies. They also appoint the chief administrative officer of the institution.

3.3.10. Campus

A campus is traditionally the land on which a college or university and related institutional buildings are situated. Usually a campus includes libraries, lecture halls, residence halls and park-like settings.

3.3.11. Graduation ceremony

The American Council on Education is the authority on academic regalia in the United States, and has developed an Academic Ceremony Guide that is generally followed by most institutions of higher learning. The ceremony guide and the related Academic Costume Code provide the core of academic ceremony traditions in the United States.

At many large U. S. institutions, where many hundreds of degrees are being granted at once, the main ceremony (commencement) involving all graduates in a sports stadium, amphitheater, parade ground or lawn, or other large – often outdoor – venue is usually followed, but sometimes preceded, by smaller ceremonies (diploma ceremony) at sites on or around campus where deans and faculty of each academic organization (college, academic department, program, etc.) distribute diplomas to their graduates. Another means of handling very large numbers of graduates is to have several ceremonies, divided by field of study, at a central site over the course of a weekend instead of one single ceremony. At large institutions the great number of family members and guests that each graduating student wishes to attend may exceed the capacity of organizers to accommodate. Universities try to manage this by allocating a specified number of graduation tickets to each student that will be graduating.

It is also common for graduates not to receive their actual diploma at the ceremony but instead a certificate indicating that they participated in the ceremony or a portfolio to hold the diploma in. At the high school level, this allows academic administrators to withhold diplomas from students who are unruly during the ceremony; at the college level, this allows students who need an additional quarter or semester to satisfy their academic requirements to nevertheless participate in the official ceremony with their cohort before receiving their degree.

At most colleges and universities in the US, a faculty member or dean will ceremoniously recommend that each class of candidates (often by college but sometimes by program/major) be awarded the proper degree, which is then formally and officially conferred by the president or other institutional official. Typically, this is accomplished by a pair of short set speeches by a senior academic official and a senior institutional official.

For students receiving an advanced degree, many colleges include aHooding Ceremony in their commencement program. At Fordham University, graduates of a college self-hood en mass after the university president confers the degree upon them from the podium during commencement (doctorates are hooded upon the stage). The hood is a part of traditional academic dress whose origins date back many centuries. Today, the hood is considered by some to be the most expressive component of the academic costume. The hood’s length signifies the degree; with the institution’s colors in the lining and a velvet trim in a color that signifies the scholar’s field. Today’s hoods have evolved from a practical garment to a symbolic one, and are worn draped around the neck and over the shoulders, displayed down the back with the lining exposed.

A graduation or commencement speech, in the U.S., is a public speech given by a student or by alumnus of a university to a graduating class and their guests. Common themes of the graduation speech include wishing the graduates well in the “real world”, cautioning that the world of academe is a special place where they were taught to think (a common variation contradicts this view). Most recently, the trend has been to find a celebrity (often one with no apparent connection to the specific institution or education in general) or a politician to deliver the speech. A notable exception is the annual Columbia University Commencement, at which the tradition has been that only the current university president shall give the commencement address. Though there is only one commencement, individual colleges and schools of Columbia often invite a speaker at separate graduation ceremonies held earlier or on another day, however.