3.2. University level studies

3.2.1. University level first stage: Associate’sDegree, Bachelor’sDegree (undergraduate degrees).

The Associate degreeisthe first academic or professional degreethat can be awarded in U.S. postsecondary education. Holders of this degree may apply to enter higher degree programmes at the Bachelor’s level, but are not qualified to apply directly for advanced (graduate) studies programmes. Programmes of study for this degree are usually designed to take2 years of full-time study, but some take longer to complete. Those who pursue this degree on a part-time basis also take longer than 2 years to complete their studies.

Types of associate’s degrees are: Associate of Arts (AA); Associate of Science (AS).

The Bachelor’s degreeisthe second academic degreethat can be awarded in U.S. postsecondary education, and is one of twoundergraduate(first) degrees that qualify a student to apply to programmes of advanced (graduate) study (the other such degree is the first-professional degree). Programmes of study for this degree are designed to takebetween 4 and 5 years, depending on the field of study. Honours programmes are offered by many institutions that award the Bachelor’s degree.(These generally require the completion of additional requirements such as preparation of an undergraduate thesis, honours paper or project, advanced coursework, or special examinations).This allows to indicate thelevel of academic distinctionwith which anacademic degreewas earned – cum laude (“with honor”), magna cum laude (“with great honor”), summa cum laude (“with highest honor”)^*. The honor is typically indicated on thediploma.

Most students earn one of two types of Bachelor’s degrees: Bachelor of Arts (BA); Bachelor of Science (BS).

3.2.2. University level second stage: Master’s Degree.

The Master’s degreerepresents the second stage of higher education and isthe first advanced (graduate) degree. U.S. Master’s degrees may be taught (without thesis) or research (with thesis) and may be awarded in academic or professional fields. Most Master’s degrees are designed to take2 years of full-time study, although the time may vary depending upon the subject, the preparation achieved by the student at the undergraduate level, the structure of the programme, and whether the degree is pursued on a full- or a part-time basis. Research-based Master’s degrees generally require completion of a series of advanced course and seminar requirements, comprehensive examinations, and an independent thesis.  Non-research Master’s degrees generally require completion of a special project as well as coursework and examinations. Both types of Master’s degree also require the satisfaction of special requirements (such as linguistic or quantitative skill) or a combination.

The subject one studies will determine the type of Master’s degree one will earn, such as a: Master of Arts (MA); Master of Science (MS); Master of Business Administration (MBA)

3.2.3. University level third stage: Research Doctorate:

The Research Doctoraterepresents the third andhighest stage of higher educationin the United States and may be awarded in academic disciplines and some professional fields of study. This degree is not awarded by examination or coursework only, but requires demonstrated mastery of the chosen subject and the ability to conduct independent, original research. Doctoral programmes require intensive study and research in at least one subfield and professional level competence in several others. Following a series of research seminars designed to prepare the individual research proposal, come candidate examinations (covering at least two subfields in addition to the field of research focus, one of which must be in a subject outside the doctoral student’s own faculty but related to his/her research). If the candidate examinations are passed at a satisfactory standard (excellent or higher), the student is advanced to candidacy for the doctorate and selects a research committee of senior faculty who will approve the dissertation topic, monitor progress, and examine the student when the research is finished. The conduct of research and preparation of the dissertation can take anywhere from one to several years depending on the chosen subject, available research funding, and the location of the research. When the dissertation is finished and approved as a document by the chair of the research committee, that individual convenes the full committee plus any outside faculty and public guests and presides over the candidate’s oral defense of the dissertation. An unanimous vote of the research committee and examiners is generally required to award the doctorate. Most doctoral degrees take at least4 or 5 years of full-time study and researchafter the award of a Bachelor’s degree or at least2 to 3 yearsfollowing a Master’s degree. The actual time to obtain the degree varies depending upon the subject and the structure of the programme. Research Doctorates are awarded in the academic disciplines and for theoretical research in some professional fields. The most common of such degrees is the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). There are a variety of equivalent degree titles used in some institutions and disciplines.