angl_yaz / Lesson 9

Lesson 9

THE READING MODULE

Read the text: 36 Human-Competitive Results Produced by Genetic Programming

There are now 36 instances where genetic programming has produced a human-competitive result. Click here for the 8 criteria defining “human-competitive” These human-competitive results include 15 instances where genetic programming has created an entity that either infringes or duplicates the functionality of a previously patented 20th-century invention, 6 instances where genetic programming has done the same with respect to a 21st-centry invention, and 2 instances where genetic programming has created a patentable new invention. These human-competitive results come from the fields of computational molecular biology, cellular automata, sorting networks, and the synthesis of the design of both the topology and component sizing for complex structures, such as analog electrical circuits, controllers, and antenna.

The goal of getting computers to automatically solve problems is central to artificial intelligence, machine learning, and the broad area encompassed by what Turing called “machine intelligence” (Turing 1948, 1950). The goal is to get a computer to do what needs to be done, without telling it how to do it. The criterion for success was aptly stated by machine learning pioneer Arthur Samuel in his 1983 talk entitled “AI: Where It Has Been and Where It Is Going.”

“[T]he aim [is] ? to get machines to exhibit behavior, which if done by humans, would be assumed to involve the use of intelligence.”

Samuel’s criterion reflects the common goal articulated by the pioneers of the 1950s in the fields of artificial intelligence and machine learning. Indeed, getting machines to produce human-like results is the reason for the existence of the fields of artificial intelligence and machine learning. Genetic programming addresses this challenge by providing a method for automatically creating a working computer program from a high-level problem statement of the problem.

The table below lists 36 human-competitive instances (of which we are aware) where genetic programming has produced human-competitive results. Each entry in the table is accompanied by the criteria that establish the basis for the claim of human-competitiveness. Click here for the 8 criteria defining “human-competitive” Twenty-three of the instances in the table below involve patents (as indicated by an “A” in column 3). Eleven of the automatically created results infringe previously issued patents and 10 duplicate the functionality of previously patented inventions in a non-infringing way. The 29th through 34th entries in the table below relate to patents for analog circuits that were issued after January 1, 2000. Referring to the table, 21 of the results relate to previously patented inventions, thus making genetic programming an automated invention machine.

http://www.genetic-programming.com/humancompetitive.html

I. Reading Exercises:

Exercise 1. Read and memorize using a dictionary:

Click, human-competitive results, entity, invention, topology, complex structures, antenna, artificial intelligence, existence, working computer program, automated invention machine, instances.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1. Does the goal of getting computers to automatically solve problems is central to artificial intelligence?

2. What does Samuel’s criterion reflect?

3. What do you know about the first genetic programming?

4. How many results relate to previously patented inventions?

Exercise 3. Match the left part with right:

1. Each entry in the table is accompanied by the criteria	a) by the pioneers of the 1950s in the fields of artificial intelligence and machine learning.
2. Samuel’s criterion reflects the common goal articulated	b) that establish the basis for the claim of human-competitiveness.
3. These human-competitive results come from	c) and where it is Going?
4. Where has been	d) the fields of computational molecular biology.

Exercise 4. Open brackets choosing the right words:

Eleven of the automatically created (results/goals) infringe previously issued (patents/claims) and 10 duplicate the functionality of previously patented (inventions/discoveries) in a non-infringing (way/path).

THE SPEAKING MODULE

II. Speaking Exercises:

Exercise 1. Explain the expressions:

1) the human-competitive results;

2) artificial intelligence;

3) a method for automatically creating a working computer program;

4) a high-level problem statement.

Exercise 2. Ask questions to the given answers:

1)Question: _______________________________________________________?

Answer: 21 of the results relate to previously patented inventions.

2)Question: _______________________________________________________?

Answer: Genetic programming addresses this challenge by providing a method for automatically creating a working computer program.

3)Question: _______________________________________________________?

Answer: The goal is to get a computer to do what needs to be done.

THE WRITING MODULE

III. Writing exercises:

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the suggested words of(3), and(3), from, for, as.

These human-competitive results come ______ the fields ______ computational molecular biology, cellular automata, sorting networks, ______ the synthesis ______ the design ______ both the topology ______ component sizing ______ complex structures, such ______ analog electrical circuits, controllers, ______ antenna.

Exercise 2. Make up a plan of this text.

Exercise 3. Write a short retelling of the text(up to 80 words).