конспект лекций ч
.1.pdf-
!"
#"$% &
'(""# 2002
-
!"
#"$% &
'(""# 2002
+" ( $ ,( -./ !" " . , 1.2 " "+ 3#4. #+#$ 4.. . 5.6. , 1.. 7(, 3( #" ',2 "$ '(+$ 3 " (-.#,%+ "$. 8(7).110204 / "$. . . " !("(+" ./, . . ! $ + (3.7,
. . 7.+" #2, . . #!7(+ . – '(""#: , 2002 – 24 ".
"$#3.$(,.: '.4.+., ! 5("" ! " !("(+" ./ ,(1 . ,#(3.7.4.+., ' -(+$ 7.+" #2 #$%2+# #".,%(3+#.C.+., "$. !( . ! $ + (3.7 ,%1# ,(1 3+# "$. !( . #!7(+ 3($,#+# 3#+ 3+#
. . ., . .
-! " " !# $%.
|
& |
|
$!. |
( -.2 D 1 |
...................................................................................................................................... 4 |
1.13('(+.( 3 C. , 1.E. -.$ , 1.2. ,( ,2!+ -1(+($.7(" ./ ! 3(+%
!1#+.6#-.. |
F.3 / 4#$(!.. G.4.7(" ./ " "$#3 H #!. $.7(" / ,($ ............................ |
4 |
|
1.2 |
,($ 7+I/ ! 3(+% !1#+.6#-. F.3 1 . "$! (+.( H #!. $.7(" / ,($ . ........... |
7 |
|
D 2................................................................................................................................. |
|
10 |
|
2.1 |
#64+ F(+.( . .+'.3.' #,%+ ( !#63.$.( !1#+.64 3. !1#+.64(++I/ ! 3(+% |
|
|
!1#+.6#-.. |
F.3 1 ................................................................................................................... |
10 |
|
( -.2 D 3 .................................................................................................................................... |
|
15 |
|
3.1 |
................................................................................................. |
15 |
|
D 7................................................................................................................................. |
|
20 |
|
4.1 |
.............................................................................................................. |
20 |
1
1.1 . . -
! "
. , 1.2 .6 7#($ 6# + 4(!+ "$. F.6+. . !#63.$.2 F.3IG " L("$3. $+ "$."2 ("$("$3(++I4 +# #4. . , 1.E ,#"".5.-.! E$ CM( $#4 ."",(' 3#+.2 (C $#+. #, 6 , 1.2 . $.'.), '."-. ,.+#4, .6 7#EL.4 "$! (+.( (4 !5 , 1.2) . 5 + -.. (5.6. , 1.2).
#!# $(!+ 4 ,( "+ ( 36#.4 '(/"$3.( " '! 1.4. +# #4.. . , 1.2 - $( !($.7(" #2 "+ 3# 4('.-.+I ( . !#$:"+( CG '.4 , 7$ CI #F'I/ 3!#7 +.4#,!.! ' ")
#$ . "N.3I( !1#+.64I !('"$#3,2E$ " C / $ !I$I(, "#4 !(1 ,.! EL.("2, "#4 3 " ! .63 '2L.("2 "."$(4I, "$! (++I( .6 C. ,.4(! 3 - C(, 3 . + ,(.+ 3IG .", $" - 7(+I/-C. , 1 . ,% (+O$(/+. 1839 1. ! .+%( 33(,+2$.( ! $ ,#64I. ! $ ,#64# F.3 ( 3-3 , .6 $ ! 1 " "$ 2$ 3"( !#"$(+.2 . F.3 $+I(.
"+ 3+I( "3 /"$3# ! $ ,#64I - " (-.5.7(" #2 !1#+.6#-.2 : #F'I/ ! ' F.3IG!1#+.64 3 C,#'#($ G#!# $(!+I4. ',2 +(1 5 !4 / . 3+(O+.4 3.' 4; - C4(+ 3(L("$3 . H+(!1.. : " 3 + "$% 3"(G G.4.7(" .G ! -("" 3 ! $ ,#64I, C(" (7.3#EL.G (( ! "$,''(!F#+.( . 3 ""$#+ 3,(+.( +#6I3#($"2 4($#C ,.64 4. N.3I( !1#+.64I - $ !I$I( "."$(4I, " L("$3,2EL.( "$ 2++I/ C4(+ 3(L("$3 4 . H+(!1.(/ " ! F#EL(/ "!(' /;
-'3.F+ "$% : 3"( F.3 ( " " C+ '3.F(+.E;
-!#6'!#F.4 "$% : 3"( F.3 ( .6C.!#$(,%+ !(#1.! ($ +# 3+(O+.( !#6'!#F.$(,. " (-.5.7(" .4. !(# -.24.;
- ! "$ : !(6 ,%$#$ #+#C ,.64#, +# !('(,(++ 4 H$# ( !#63.$.2" L("$3,2($"2 ! "$ !1#+.64#, "326#++I/ " !( ! ' -.(/ 4 ,( , . ,($ ."2 ./ !#"$ L./ !1#+ ! ' ,F#($ 3 3!(42 ! "$# 5 + -. +.! 3#$%;
-!#64+ F(+.(: C!#6 3#+.( + 3IG 4 ,( , . "$! $ !, +(" L.G 1(+($.7(" E .+5 !4#-.E 3 ( C26#$(,%+I/ #$!.C $ F.6+.);
-!." " C,(+.( . #' $#-.2: " L("$3,2($"2 $(4 +(4(',(++ 1 .64(+(+.2"+ 3#++ 1 +# !#6'!#F.4 "$. ! $ ,#64I, .,. $(4 4 $#-.. . $C !#.
! 3+. !1#+.6#-.. F.3 / 4#$(!..:
-4 ,( ,2!+ -1(+($.7(" ./ ! 3(+%. . G.4.7(" .( ! -(""I, .' L.( 3!1#+.64( ( #$#C ,.64 . #+#C ,.64). $4(7#($"2 '+ C!#6.( H,(4(+$#!+IG ('.+.-: 20 #4.+ .", $ C!#6 E$ 3"( !#6+ C!#6.( C(, 3, 4 #6 $."$IG"+ 3#+.2 C!#6 E$ . ;
-,($ 7+I/ ! 3(+%;
-!1#+.64(++I/ - .6 7#E$ .+'.3.' #,%+ ( !#63.$.( " C. ( +$ 1(+(6);
-,2-. ++ -3.' 3 / - H,(4(+$#!+#2 ('.+.-# ( ,2-.2) " 3 -
+ "$% " C(/ '+ 1 3.'#;
- C. -(+ , 1.7(" ./ (C. 1(+ -.+ 6) - ."$ !.7(" . ", F.3O.("2 "$ /7.3I( " CL("$3# !#"$(+./, F.3 $+IG . 4. ! !1#+.64 3, +#G '2L.G"2 3"$ 2++ 4 36#.4 '(/"$3.. " 3+(O+(/ "!(' /. ,( ,2!+ -1(+($.7(" ./ ! 3(+% !1#+.6#-.. F.3 1 .
% . & $' . "( G.4.7(" .( +( !1#+.7(" .( H,(4(+$I ,($ . '!#6'(,2E$ +# 4# ! - . 4. ! H,(4(+$I.
# ! H,(4(+$I ( , 98% 4#""I ,($ .) - 3 ' ! ', .", ! ' (65%), 1,(! ' (1518%) . #6 $ (3%)- 1,#3+I( 4 +(+$I 3"(G !1#+.7(" .G " ('.+(+./.
. ! H,(4(+$I: #,./, +#$!./, #,%-./, 4#1+./, F(,(6 . G, !.
G +-(+$!#-.2 " 44#!+ (0,1%) Na, . 1 C(" (7.3#E$ ! +.-#(4 "$%,($ 7+IG 4(4C!#+ # . 7#"$3 E$ 3 5 !4.! 3#+.. "$. N(,(6 3G '.$ 3 " "$#3 1(4 1, C.+#, 4#1+./ - # $.3#$ ! 4+ 1.G 5(!4(+$ 3. .+ , 4('%, . ', 5$ !, C#,%$, 4#!1#+(-, 4 ,.C'(+, C ! . '!. (" 44#!+#2 +-(+$!#-.2 0,02 %) 3G '2$ 3 " "$#3 5(!4(+$ 3, 3.$#4.+ 3 . 1 !4 + 3 - 3(L("$3, C,#'#EL.G C ,%O / C. # $.3+ "$%E (. ' 3G '.$ 3 " "$#3 1 !4 +# L.$ 3.'+ / F(,(6I, -.+ - 3 " "$#3 !2'# 5(!4(+$ 3 . .+" ,.+#C#,%$ - +( CG '.4I/ 4 +(+$ 3.$#4.+# 12, 7#"$3 ($ 3 ".+$(6( . ).
'# - "+ 3+ ( +( !1#+.7(" ( 3-3 ,($ ., " '(!F#+.( 3 ,($ ( 79-80%. + -..
3 'I:
-+.3(!"#,%+I/ !#"$3 !.$(,%;
-"!('# ! $( #+.2 C/G !(# -./;
-''(!F.3#($ ! 1 "$% ,($ .;
-3I" #2 $( , ! 3 '+ "$% . $( , (4 "$% 3 'I ''(!F.3#($ $( , 3 ( !#3+ 3(".( ,($ .;
-"+ 3+ ( "!('"$3 $!#+" !$# 3(L("$3;
.+(!#,%+I( " ,. - +#G '2$"2 3 ,($ ( 3 3.'( . + 3. #.C ,(( 3#F+I(: +, Na+, Ca2+ - C(" (7.3#E$ !#6'!#F.4 "$% F.3IG !1#+.64 3. $ #+. + 3 6#3."2$ C 5(!+I(
"3 /"$3# ,($ .. 5(!+ "$% " " C+ "$% ,($ . ''(!F.3#$% ",#C L(, 7+ E !(# -.E "3 (1 " '(!F.4 1 +# "$ 2++ 4 ! 3+(, 7$ C(" (7.3#($"2 #+. +#4. H2PO4- . 3- .
+. +I ",#CIG .", $ . ",#CI( L(, 7. "326I3#E$ . +I 3 ' ! '# . OH-. +I, C,#1 '#!2 7(4 !(# -.2 3+ $!. ,($ . !# $.7(" . +( 4(+2($"2.
+I # . ." ,%6 ($"2 ',2 "$! (+.2 "$+ / $ #+. 3 3.'( '3 /+IG 1,( .",IG . 5 "5 !+ .",IG " ,(/.
# $' . !1#+.7(" .( 3(L("$3# 3 ,($ ( " "$#3,2E$ 3 "!('+(4 20-30 % 3"(/ ,($ .. +.4 $+ "2$"2 - C(, ., + ,(.+ 3I( .", $I, 1,(3 'I, F.!I . !2' +(C ,%O.G 4 ,( , - 1 !4 +I, .14(+$I, #4.+ .", $I, ! "$I( "#G#!#, + ,( $.'I . $. '.
(, . - +#.C ,(( !#" ! "$!#+(+I 3 F.3 $+ / ,($ ( (10-20%)
[$ 3I" 4 ,( ,2!+I( ,.4(!+I( " ('.+(+.2, "$! $ !+#2 ('.+.-# -
#4.+ .", $#. "(1 " L("$3 ($ 20 #4.+ .", $. 4.+ 1! # (-NH2) C,#'#($ "3 /"$3#4. "+ 3#+.2, #!C ".,%+#2 1! # (- ) - .", $+#2, G#!# $(!+#2 ',2
#!C + 3IG .", $. ,(' 3#$(,%+ , #4.+ .", $I - #45 $(!+I( " ('.+(+.2, " 34(L#EL.( "3 /"$3# .", $I . "+ 3#+.2. 4.+ .", $I " ('.+2E$"2 '! 1 " '! 1 43#,(+$+ / ( $.'+ / (.,. #4.'+ /) "326%E 4(F' #4.+ 1! / '+ / #4.+ .", $I .#!C ".,%+ / 1! / '! 1 /. C(, #4 $+ "2$"2 ,. ( $.'I " ',.+ / -( . C ,(( 50 #4.+ .", $. 4.+ .", $I $,.7#E$"2 '! 1 $ '! 1# "$! (+.(4 C 3 / -( . (R-1! I)
C(, 3 .4(($"2 7($I!( ! 3+2 "$! $ !+ / !1#+.6#-..:
- (!3.7+#2 "$! $ !# - !2' , #7("$3 . ,.7("$3 #4.+ .", $. -3$ !.7+#2 "$! $ !# - " 4 L%E 3 ' ! '+ / "326. #4.+ .", $+#2 -( %
6# ! 7.3#($"2 3 " .!#,%. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
-$!($.7+#2 "$! $ !# |
- H$ ! "$!#+"$3(++#2 |
,#' # |
4 ,( ,I |
C(, #, |
|||||
C!#6 3#++ / '+ / |
,. ( $.'+ / -( %E. !($.7+#2 |
"$! $ !# |
.4(($ |
||||||
!24 ( $+ O(+.( |
|
5 !4( 4 ,( , |
C(, #, |
4 F($ |
CI$% O#! C!#6+ / |
||||
(1, C ,2!+ /) .,. +.$(3.'+ / (5.C!.,,2!+ /). |
|
|
|
|
|||||
-7($3(!$.7+#2 "$! $ !# - CM('.+(+.( 1, C , 3 ('.+I/ 4 ,( ". |
|
||||||||
64(+(+.2 5.6.7(" .G |
", 3./, 3 |
$.7. |
! |
. $(4 (!#$ !I, |
.,. C!#C $ # |
||||
G.4.7(" .4. 3(L("$3#4. 3I63#E$ '(+#$ !#-.E |
- |
$!#$ |
("$("$3(++ / (+#$.3+ /) |
||||||
"$! $ !I 4 ,( ,I " $(!(/ C. # $.3+ "$.. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
(+#$ !#-.2 4 F($ CI$% |
C!#$.4 / .,. |
+( C!#$.4 /, |
+ |
#4.+ .", $+#2 |
",(' 3#$(,%+ "$% ( (!3.7+#2 "$! $ !#) "$#]$"2 +(.64(++ /.
+ -.. C(, 3:
-"$! .$(,%+#2 ("$! $ !+#2) - C(, . 7#"$3 E$ 3 C!#6 3#+.. 3"(G ,($ 7+IG 4(4C!#+ . !1#+ .' 3 ,($ ., # $# F( 3+( ,($ 7+IG "$! $ !; - #$#,.$.7(" #2 - " L("$3,2($"2 5(!4(+$#4.. 5(!4(+$I H$ C. #$#,.6#$ !I " !2EL.( G.4.7(" .( !(# -.. 3 ,($ ( 3 '("2$ . . " $+. $I"27 !#6. +. " (-.5.7+I 3 $+ O(+.. $. # #$#,.6.! (4 / !(# -..; -'3.1#$(,%+#2: C(" (7.3#($"2 " !#$.$(,%+I4. C(, #4.. +. 7#"$3 E$ 3 3"(G 3.'#G '3.F(+.2;
-$!#+" !$+#2: !." ('.+(+.. G.4.7(" .G H,(4(+$ 3 . (!(+ "( .G !#6,.7+I4 $ #+24 . !1#+#4;
-6#L.$+#2 5 + -.2: .44 + 1, C ,.+I (#+$.$(,#) "326I3#E$ .C(63!(F.3#E$ 7 F(! '+I( #1(+$I (#+$.1(+I);
-H+(!1($.7(" #2: '.+ .6 ."$ 7+. 3 H+(!1.. 3 ,($ (. !. ,+ 4 !#"L( ,(+.. 1 1 C(, # 3I'(,2($"2 17,6 F H+(!1...
1,(3 'I - !1#+.7(" .( 3(L("$3# " CL(/ 5 !4 , / n( 2O)m.'(!F#+.( 3 ,($ ( 1-2 %. '!#6'(,2E$"2 +# $!. ,#""#:
-4 + "#G#!.'I - ! "$I( "#G#!#, 3#F+(/O.( O("$. 1,(! '+I( 4 + "#G#!.'I 1,E 6# . 5! $ 6# . 1#,# $ 6#. (0,1-0,12 %). (+$ 6I !.C 6#
. '(6 ".!.C 6# - 3G '2$ 3 " "$#3 + ,(.+ 3IG .", $.
-,.1 "#G#!.'I: " ('.+(+.2, " '(!F#L.( $ 2 ' 10 "$#$ 3 (3#F+I( '."#G#!.'I - 4#,%$ 6#, ,# $ 6# . "#G#! 6#).
- ,."#G#!.'I: " ('.+(+.2, " '(!F#L.( "3IO( 10 4 + "#G#!.' 3 ( !#G4#,, 1,. 1(+, -(,,E, 6#).
3( "+ 3+I( 5 + -.. 1,(3 ' 3:
-"$! .$(,%+#2: -(,,E, 6# C!#6 ($ "$(+ . !#"$.$(,%+IG ,($ ; G.$.+ - "$! $ !+I/ 4 +(+$ #+-.!2 7,(+."$ + 1.G;
-H+(!1($.7(" #2: 1,(3 'I H$ "+ 3+ / ."$ 7+. H+(!1.. 3 ,($ (.
! -(""( .",(+.2 1 1 1,(3 ' 3 "3 C F'#($"2 17,6 F H+(!1... !#G4#, . 1,. 1(+ $ ,#'I3#2"% 3 ,($ #G, ", F#$ !(6(!3 4 .L. . H+(!1..;
. .'I - H$ ", F+I( H5.!I 1,.-(!.+# . F.!+IG .", $.
+ -.. ,. .' 3:
- "$! $ !+#2 ( 7#"$.( 3 "$! (+.. C/4);
-H+(!1($.7(" #2 (1 1 F.!# !. !#" #'( '#($ 9,2 #, H+(!1..);
-6#L.$+#2;
-F.! 23,2($"2 ."$ 7+. 4 H+' 1(++ / 3 'I ( !. .",(+.. 10 1 F.!# 3I'(,2($"2 11 1 3 'I);
-!(1 ,2-.2 C4(+# 3-3 ("$(! .'+I( 1 !4 +I, 3.$#4.+ . '!.)
,(.+ 3I( .", $I - C(" (7.3#E$ G!#+(+.( . (!('#7 +#",('"$3(++ /
.+5 !4#-.. |
"$! $ !( C(, 3. + 4(! . + ,( $.', " "$ .$ .6 |
2$. 1,(! '+ 1 |
"#G#!# ( (+$ 6I), #6 $."$ 1 "+ 3#+.2 . 5 "5 !+ / .", $I. |
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
1.2 ) ' . "
,($ 7+#2 $( !.2. 1665 1 #+1,.7#+.+ C(!$ " 4 L%E 4. ! " # 3 (!3I(C+#! F., ,($ . 1839 1. 7(O" ./ 5.6. , 1 ! .+%( 33(, ',2 C 6+#7(+.2 F.3 1 " '(!F.4 1 ,($ . $(!4.+ - ! $ ,#64#. H$ F( 3!(42 C $#+. `,(/'(+ . 6 , 1 `3#++ "5 !4 ,.! 3#,. ,($ 7+ E $( !.E.
3!(4(++I/ 3#!.#+$ ,($ 7+ / $( !..:
- 3"( F.3I( !1#+.64I " "$ 2$ .6 ,($ . ,($ # - ('.+.-# "$! (+.2, 5 + -. +.! 3#+.2, !#64+ F(+.2 . .+'.3.' #,%+ 1 !#63.$.2 F.3IG!1#+.64 3. +( ,($ . +($ F.6+.;
-,($ . 3"(G !1#+.64 3 "G '+I 4(F' " C / "$! (+.E . ,($ 7+ 4 " "$#3 ;
-,($ . 23,2E$"2 $ ,% .6 !#+(( " L("$3 EL.G ,($ $(4 '(,(+.2;
-,($ 7+ ( "$! (+.( 3"(G +I+( F.3 L.G !1#+.64 3 – "3'($(,%"$3 ('.+"$3#! ."G F'(+.2.
L("$3 ($ '3# ! 3+2 ,($ 7+ / !1#+.6#-.. F.3 1 :
-! #!. $I - C(6M2'(!+I( (C# $(!.. . ".+(-6(,(+I( 3 ' ! ",.) !1#+.64I.(+($.7(" ./ # #!#$ !('"$#3,(+ ('.+"$3(++ / ,%-(3 / G! 4 " 4 /, +($'(,(++ / C , 7 / $ -.$ ,#64I.
-H #!. $I - 2'(!+I( !1#+.64I, 1(+($.7(" ./ # #!#$ !('"$#3,(+ 4 ,( , / 3 3.'( '3 /+ / " .!#,..
,($ # - 3 6+. O#2 3 !(6 ,%$#$( H3 ,E-.., $ !I$#2 C. , 1.7(" #2 "."$(4#,1!#+.7(++#2 , ! +.-#(4 / 4(4C!#+ /, " "$ 2L#2 .6 2'!# . -.$ ,#64I, " " C+#2 "#4 !(1 ,2-.. . "#4 3 " ! .63('(+.E.
[ #!. $.7(" #2 ,($ # " "$ .$ .6 '3 G 36#.4 "326#++IG 7#"$( - -.$ ,#64I . 2'!#. .$ ,#64 ( ) " "$#3,2($ "."$(4# !1#+(,, ,($ . . "+ 3+ ( 3-3 - 1.#, ,#64#.'3.F+#, 3 3!(42 ! "$# ,($ . C4(+ 3(L("$3 # $.3.6.! ($"2 . '3.F(+.( ".,.3#($"2.
#3.".$ + $ $(4 (!#$ !I, 3,#F+ "$., "3(L(+.2 . '!.
.#, ,#64# ( ) - 4+ 1 5#6+#2 ,, .'+#2 "."$(4#, "+ 3+ ( 3(L("$3 ,($ . ' 90% " "$ .$ .6 3 'I, " '(!F.$ !1#+.7(" .( . +( !1#+.7(" .( 3(L("$3#, 3 +(/ .' $ 3"( 4($#C ,.7(" .( ! -("I. .4(($ "."$(4 $! C 7( . #+#,%-(3, C(" (7.3#EL.G 36#.4 "326% !1#+(,, ,($ .. +#G '.$"2 -.$ " (,($, !('(,2EL./ 5 !4 ,($ ., " "$ .$ .6 4. ! $! C 7( . 7 3 C(, 3IG 4 ,( ,.
* '. (4C!#++#2 !1#+.6#-.2 - "+ 3# 3 !(1 ,2-.. C4(+# 3-3.. 4(4C!#+I (C/4) - ,(+ . $ ,L.+ / 4-40 +4. /4 " "$ 2$ .6 '3 /+ 1 ", 2
,. .'+IG (3 "+ 3+ 4 5 "5 ,. .'I) 4 ,( , ($ ,L.+# 10 +4), !#" , F(++IG,2!+I4. (1.'! 5.,%+I4.) +-#4. 3+(O+(/ . 3+ $!(++(/ 3 '+ / "!('(. C/4 3 !# ,(+I C(, 3I( 4 ,( ,I, 3 "+ 3+ 4 5(!4(+$I. /4 C,#'#($ .6C.!#$(,%+ /! +.-#(4 "$%E (,(17( ! G '2$ 3-3#, !#"$3 !.4I( 3 ,. .'#G). -3# 4 1 $ ! G '.$% 7(!(6 C/4 ",(' EL.4. $24.:
1.C,(17(++ / '.55 6.. (" 4 L%E C(, #- (!(+ "7. #);
2.# $.3+ 1 $!#+" !$# ( ! $.3 1!#'.(+$# +-(+$!#-.. !. 6#$!#7.3#+.. H+(!1..);
3."4 "#, 3 '# 3"(1'# (!(G '.$ 7(!(6 C/4 .6 C ,(( !#6C#3,(++ 1 !-!# 3 C ,(( +-(+$!.! 3#++I/.
/4 - F.3I( |
4 #+(+$I ,($ ., .6 +.G "$! (+I 3+ $!(++.( . 3+(O+.( |
"$! $ !I !1#+(,,, +. C " C,2E$ ! $ ,#"$ . !(1 ,.! E$ 3+ $!. ,($ 7+I( C4(++I( |
|
! -(""I. !#6'(,22 ,($ +# 4 #!$4(+$I C/4 " 6'#E$ 3 #F' 4 .6 +.G " (-.5.7(" .( |
|
5.6. -G.4.7(" .( |
", 3.2 ($(4 (!#$ !+I/ !(F.4, +-(+$!#-.2 !#"$3 ! 3, !#6+I/ |
H,( $!.7(" ./ $(+-.#,), 7$ 63 ,2($ ! $( #$% '+ 3!(4(++ !#6,.7+I4 C. G.4.7(" .4 ! -(""#4.
# ' '. [+' ,#64#$.7(" #2 "($% ([ )- ", F+#2 4(4C!#++#2 "."$(4#, ! +.6I3#($ 3"E -.$ ,#64 . CM('.+2($ !1#+(,,I ,($ . 3 ('.+I/ 4 ,( ". .4(($ "326% " 2'! 4. [ 3 !#6!(6( - '3( C/4, 4(F' +.4. .4(($"2 6 ./ 4(F4(4C!#++I/ ! "3($ - #+#,. #+#,I 4 1 $ " F#$%"2, 4 1 $ !#"O.!2$%"2, C!#6 2 -."$(!+I. !#+ ,2!+I/ [ - .4(($ +# C/4 !.C " 4I (".+$(6 C(, #). 1!#+ ,2!+I/ [
.4(($ 3.' $! C , "+ 3+#2 5 + -.2 - ".+$(6 ,. .' 3. [ C(" (7.3#($ $!#+" !$.! 3 4 ,( , . . + 3, 23,2($"2 4("$ 4 ".+$(6# C/4. "+ 3+#2 5 + -.2 - +-(+$!.! 3#+.( . $!#+" !$ C(, 3. [ !#6'(,2($ -.$ ,#64 +# 4 #!$4(+$I, 3 #F' 4 .6 +.G " 6'#E$"2 " (-.5.7(" .( ", 3.2, 7$ C(" (7.3#($ '+ 3!(4(++ ( ! ( #+.( !#6+ +# !#3,(++IG.",.$(,%+ -3 ""$#+ 3.$(,%+IG ! -("" 3.
#!#$ ,%'F. ( ) , #,.6 ($"2 3C,.6. ,($ 7+ 1 2'!#.
"$ .$ .6 "$ '." 3.'+IG -."$(!+, $ !I( 1!#+.7(+I 4(4C!#+ / . .4(E$
1,#' E |
3(!G+ "$%. $ # -."$(!+ |
+#6I3#($"2 '. $. " 4 / ( ). . $. " 4# |
|
"$! $ !+ ,2!.6 3#+#: |
#F' / !1#+(,,I ("$% !(1(+(!#-. ++I/ ,E", 6# "7($ |
||
$ ! 1 |
+# "$! .$"2 . |
"( !($ !+I/ |
- $ $ ! 1 $O+ ! 3I3#E$"2 6I!% .. |
,.7("$3 6#3.".$ $ 4+ 1.G 5# $ ! 3: 3 ' ! ",(/ 4 F($ CI$% '+# '. $. " 4#, -3($ 3IG !#"$(+./ - '("2$ .. -."$(!+#G ".+$(6.! E$"2, # 3 6I!% #G ,%'F. $!#+" !$.! E$"2 3 + F+ ( 4("$ !#6,.7+I/ "$! .$(,%+I/ 4#$(!.#,. (1(4 -(,E, 6# ',2 "$! .$(,%"$3# ,($ 7+ / C , 7 .). . $. " 4I $("+ "326#+I " [ .
(! "." 4I - 4(, .( 6I!% ., " '(!F#$ 5(!4(+$ #$#,#6 , !#"L( ,2EL./ $ ".7+ E ',2 ,($ . 2 2 .
.6 " 4I - '+ 4(4C!#++I( O#! 3.'+I( "$! $ !I ,($ .. '(!F#$ 1.'! ,.$.7(" .( 5(!4(+$I. C(" (7.3#E$ !#"L( ,(+.( 3I" 4 ,( ,2!+IG 3(L("$3 . 3+ $!. ,($ 7+ ( .L(3#!(+.(.
# ,. - !." L. $ ,% !#"$.$(,%+I4 ,($ #4, .4(E$ 5 !4 # (,%, 3I ,+2E$ 6# #"#EL E 5 + -.E. +. +# ,+(+I ,($ 7+I4 " 4, 3 $ ! 4 !#"$3 !(+I.$#$(,%+I( 3(L("$3#: 1,(3 'I, 1,. 6.'I, !1#+.7(" .( .", $I " ,., .14(+$I,C!#6 3#3O.("2 3 ! -(""( 4($#C ,.64#. ''(!F.3#E$ $ !1 !.
3 4(4C!#++I( !1#+(,,I
.$ G +'!.. ( ) - , #3$ + 4+I( !1#+(,,I, .4(($ '3( 3I" " (-.#,.6.! 3#++I( 4(4C!#+I : +#! F+EE . 3+ $!(++EE, $ !I( .1!#E$,E7(3 E ! ,% 3 (( # $.3+ "$., # $# F( '3# 3+ $!(++.G 4 #!$4(+$#: 4#$!. " . 6 ( 4(F4(4C!#++ ( ! "$!#+"$3 . +(O+22 4(4C!#+# - 1,#' #2, 3+ $!(++22 - " ,#'7#$#2.+ $!(++22 , "$% 6# ,+(+# 4#$!. " 4. #$!. " " '(!F.$ 3I" +-(+$!.! 3#++ E "4("% !#6,.7+IG 5(!4(+$ 3, 3 +(4 +#G '.$"2 4.$ G +'!.#,%+#2 , " (-.5.7(" .( 4.$ G +'!.#,%+I( !.C " 4I . 5(!4(+$I, 7#"$3 EL.( 3 ".+$(6( C(, #. #$!. " .! F#EL#2 (1 3+ $!(++22 C/4 - "+ 3+#2 !#C 7#2 7#"$% . + $!(++22 4(4C!#+# -C!#6 ($ 4+ 1 7.",(++I( " ,#' . - !."$I, 3(,.7.3#EL.( 3 +(" ,% !#6 !#C 7 E3(!G+ "$% 4(4C!#+I. +(/ " '(!F#$"2 C(, . $!(G 1,#3+IG $. 3:
1)C(, ., #$#,.6.! EL.( .",.$(,%+I( !(# -.. 3 'IG#$(,%+ / -( .
2)5(!4(+$+I/ 4 ,( " -".+$($#6#, ".+$(6.! EL./ 3 4# $!. "(
3)$!#+" !$+I( C(, .- (!(+ "7. . 4($#C ,.$ 3 3 4#$!. " . .6 +(1 .
. .'($ ! -("" ,($ 7+ 1 'IG#+.2 - .", ! '+ ( .",(+.( !1#+.7(" .G
" ('.+(+./ ' 2 . 2 . .",.$(,%+ 1 5 "5 !.,.! 3#+.2, 3 !(6 ,%$#$( $ ! 1 H+(!1.2 # 4 ,.! ($"2 3 3.'( (.6 " 7#"$.(4 5 "5 !+ / .", $I 6# "7($
H+(!1.. 'IG#+.2).
,#"$.'I - G#!# $(!+I $ ,% ',2 !#"$.$(,%+IG ,($ .
,#"$.'I |
" '(!F#+.E .14(+$ 3 . 5 + -.24 '(,2$"2 +# G, ! ,#"$I, |
||||
G! 4 ,#"$I . ,(/ ,#"$I. |
|
|
|
|
|
, ! ,#"$I |
CI3#E$ |
! 1,I4., 3#,%+I4., '." ' C+I4. |
'(!F#$ |
||
G, ! 5.,, - 3-3 6(,(+ 1 |
-3($#, C ", 3,.3#($ 6(,(+ E !#" |
!#"$(+./. #64(! |
|||
G, ! ,#"$ 3 4-24 4 4. ,($ ( 15-50 G, ! '#"$ 3 |
, ! ,#"$ .4(($ +#! F+EE . |
||||
3+ $!(+EE C/4, ! F#EL E -(+$!#,%+ E C,#"$% |
- "$! 4 , 3 |
$ ! / |
+#G '.$"2 |
||
4+ F("$3 !#"$3 !.4IG 5(!4(+$ 3. , ! ,#"$ .4(($ $!($%E C/4 - $.,# .'+ E, $ !#2 |
|||||
$'(,2($ "$! 4 $ |
$.,# .'+ 1 ! "$!#+"$3#. |
$.,# .'+ / |
C/4 +#G '.$"2 3"( |
||
H+(!1($.7(" .( "."$(4I G, ! ,#"$#. .,# .'+#2 C/4 5 !4.! ($ 1! |
, L(++IG |
'." 3.'+IG 4(O 7 3 - $.,# .' 3, " '(!F#L.( G, ! 5.,,. !#+I - "$ . $.,# .' 3., ! 5.,, !I3#($ $.,# .'I 4 + 4 ,( ,2!+I4 ", (4, +#G '2L.4"2 3 4 ,( "+ / "326. " ,. .'#4.. !#+I "326#+I 4(F' " C / 4(F1!#++I4. $.,# .'#4. 3 ('.+ E "."$(4 .
G, ! ,#"$#G .'($ ! -("" 5 $ ".+$(6#, !. $ ! 4 " 4 L%E " ,+(7+ / H+(!1.. .6 2 ".+$(6.! E$"2 !1#+.7(" .( 3(L("$3#.
, ! ,#"$I C,#'#E$ ,+ -(++ / 1(+($.7(" / "."$(4 /, +. " '(!F#$ ,
. !.C " 4I. [$. ! -(""I ! $( #E$ 3 "$! 4(. |
! 4 ,#"$I - '3 4(4C!#++I( |
||||||||||
!1#+(,,I, " '(!F#$ 3 "3 .G "$! 4#G #! $.+ .'I (60 3.' 3), . !.'#E$ !#" |
-3($#4, |
||||||||||
, '#4, "$#!I4 |
,."$%24 ( #! $.+ - ! 6 3 - !#"+I/ |
-3($, "#+$ 5.,, - |
|
F(,$I/). |
|||||||
#! $.+ .'I |
7#"$3 E$ 3 |
! -(""( 5 $ ".+$(6#, |
.",.$(,%+ -3 ""$#+ 3.$(,%+IG |
||||||||
! -(""#G. C!#6 E$"2 "(+%E 3 ,."$%2G .6 G, ! ,#"$ 3. !4# !#6+ C!#6+#, |
+( .4(E$ |
||||||||||
3+ $!(++I/ 4(4C!#++ / "."$(4I. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
(/ ,#"$I - C("-3($+I( ,#"$.'I ! 1, / 5 !4I. (4(4C!#++I( !1#+(,,I. |
|||||||||||
.C " 4I ( ) |
- |
"$! $ !I |
1!.C ' C+ / 5 !4I, |
" "$ 2$ |
.6 C ,%O / |
|
. |
4#, / |
|||
" CM('.+.-I. " '(!F#$ , 50% 3"(/ ,($ 7+ / . .4(E$ 3I" ( " '(!F#+.( |
|||||||||||
C(, #. (!( !(L.3#E$"2 '3# $ # - $ .+5 !4#-.. $ ,($ 7+ 1 2'!# 3 3.'( |
|||||||||||
.+5 !4#-. ++ / (4#$!.7+ /) 4 . $ #4.+ .", $ - "$! .$(,%+IG C, 3 ',2 |
|||||||||||
".+$(6# C(, #. |
(2$(,%+ "$% +#G '.$"2 ' +$! ,(4 2'!#, ,($ #, |
$!#$.3O#2 2'! |
|||||||||
$(!2($ " " C+ "$% C. ".+$(6 |
-.$ ,#64#$.7(" .G C(, 3, # 6$ 3('($ $4.!#+.E |
||||||||||
! $ ,#64I. # 1!#+.-( 4#, / . C ,%O / " CM('.+.- ("$% 7#"$ !. !( ,(+.2 . . |
|||||||||||
$ . +#G '2$"2 3 2'!(, -.$ ,#64( . +# 1!#+ ,2!+ / [ . . ! $! C 7 . - '.#4($! 24 |
|||||||||||
+4, " "$ 2$ .6 |
C(, # $ C ,.+#. !('(,2E$ +# !#3,(+.( (!(4(L(+.2 |
,($ 7+IG |
|||||||||
4 +(+$ 3 |
,E7(+.2 - 5 + -.2 6# #"# .$#$(,%+IG 3-3 3 3.'( # (,% F.!#, 6(!(+ |
||||||||||
!#G4#,# C(, 3IG 1, C ,, !."$#,, 3 " ,(/. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
) . '! (nucleus) - $ !I, C $#+. !# + (1833 1). 4 +(+$I 2'!# - |
|||||||||||
2'(!+#2 C , 7 #, |
+ ,( ,#64#, G! 4#$.+, 2'!IO . |
'(!+#2 C , 7 # - " "$ .$ .6 '3 G |
|||||||||
C/4, " ('.+(+IG |
" [ , " 4 L%E $ ! / |
''(!F.3#($"2 |
"326% |
" |
3"(4. |
||||||
4 #!$4(+$#4. ,($ .. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
,( ,#64# - C(, 3 - ,, .'+#2 "."$(4#, !#3+ 4(!+ !#" !('(,(+# 3"(4 |
|||||||||||
2'! . ! 4#$.+ |
- |
!#" , F(+ |
3 |
+ ,( ,#64( 3 |
3.'( "($ .. |
"$ .$ .6 |
4 ,( , |
||||
+ ,( ! $(.' 3, " '(!F.$ 3"E 2'!#. 6 +(1 C!#6 E$"2 G! 4 " 4I ( ,.7("$3 . |
|||||||||||
5 !4# "$ 2++I ',2 #F' 1 3.'#). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
! 4 " 4# !('"$#3,(+# '3 42 G! 4#$.'#4. (3 " "$#3 3G '2$ , C(, ., , |
|||||||||||
,. .'I . +I |
# . g), 4 F($ .4($% !#6+ E |
!#" . !4# 2'!# 4 F($ CI$% |
|||||||||
!#6+ C!#6+ /, 3 ,($ ( 4 F($ CI$% '+ .,. +("( ,% 2'(!. |
,% 2'!# 3 ,($ ( - |
(!('#7# +#",('"$3(++ / .+5 !4#-... '!IO - 7#"$3 ($ 3 ".+$(6( C(, # 3 ,($ (.
+),-. 2
2.1 / . # '
#64+ F(+.( - " " C+ "$% !1#+.64 3 ! .63 '.$% "(C( ' C+IG " C(/.( CG '.4 ( ", 3.( !#64+ F(+.2 - +#",('"$3(++ "$%, $.(. " " C+ "$% 3 " ! .63 '.$% "3 /"$3# . !.6+# . ! '.$(,(/. #6+I( 5 !4I !#64+ F(+.2 CM('.+2E$"2 3 '3# $. #:, 3 ( . C(" , (.
, 3 ( !#64+ F(+.( - "4(+# ,(+./ . !#63.$.( !1#+.64 3 .6 " (-.#,.6.! 3#++IG , 3IG ,($ . (" , ( !#64+ F(+.( - + 3#2 " C% !#63.3#($"2 .6 +( , 3IG, " 4#$.7(" .G ,($ . , 3 ( !#64+ F(+.( .4(($ C ,%O.( H3 ,E-. ++I(!(.4 L("$3# (!(' C(" ,I4. !. , 3 4 !#64+ F(+.. 1(+ $. $ 4 3 3 6+. #($$(4 4C.+#-.. 1(+ 3 '3 G ! '.$(,(/. !(6 ,%$#$( 3IO#E$"2 3 64 F+ "$.!1#+.64 3 3 !." " C,(+.. ", 3.24 ! F#EL(/ "!('I.
0 . ,($ 7+I/ -. , " "$ .$ .6 .+$(!5#6I . (!. '# '(,(+.2 ,($ ...$ 6 - '(,(+.( " 4#$.7(" .G ,($ +$(!5#6# - (!. ' 4(F' '(,(+.24.. 3 3.'( G! 4#$.+ 3IG +.$(/ !#" !('(,(+# 3"(4 2'! . $7($,.3 3.'+ 2'! . 2'!IO . '($ !(' ,. #-.2 .
#6I 4.$ 6#:
1. ! 5#6# - 4("$ !IG, / 4#""I . C(, # "$#+ 32$"2 3.'+I +.$(3.'+I( '3 .3O.("2 G! 4 " 4I. '!IO . 2'(!+#2 4(4C!#+# ."7(6#E$ . 23,2($"2 "($% 4. ! $! C 7( .
2.($#5#6# - 23,2($"2 4.$ $.7(" ( 3(!($(+ , G! 4 " 4I 3I"$!#.3#E$"2 H 3#$ !# ,($ .
3.+#5#6# - #6'(,(+.( #!I G! 4 " 4 +# '3( .'(+$.7+I( G! 4 " 4I, $ !I( !#"G '2$"2 !#6+I4 ,E"#4 ,($ ..
4.(, 5#6# - ! 4 " 4I !#" ! 7.3#E$"2, !(3!#L#2"% 3 !IG, E 4#"" . C(, #. ! 1 +.G 5 !4.! ($"2 2'(!+#2 C/4. (,.$"2 -.$ ,#64#, C!#6 ($"2 ,($ 7+#2 "$(+ #. C!#6 E$"2 '3( ' 7(!+.( ,($ . " '.+# 3I4 ('. , .'+I4) +#C ! 4 G! 4 " 4.
(/ 6 - |
'(,(+.( |
, 3IG ,($ . !1#+.64 3 " , 3I4 !#64+ F(+.(4 |
|
" L("$3 ($ " C#2 5 !4# |
'(,(+.2 2'!#, !. $ ! 4 '. , .'+I/ +#C ! G! 4 " 4, |
||
" '(!F#L./"2 3 2'!(, 4(+%O#($"2 ' 1# , .'+ 1 ("4(+# 2'(!+IG 5#6). |
|||
(/ 6 6# ,E7#($"2 3 '3 G ,($ 7+IG '(,(+.2G, CI"$! ",(' EL.G '! 1 6# '! 1 4. |
|||
.+$(!5#6( 4(/ 6# .'($ !(' ,. #-.2 . |
|||
1 |
|||
1. ! 5#6# |
- |
G! 4 " 4I " .!#,.6 E$"2 .6 G! 4#$.+#, .'($ +ME1#-.2 . |
|
! "".+1 3(! ( C4(+ 7#"$ #4.) 1 4 , 1.7+IG G! 4 " 4. #!I 1 4 , 1.7+IG G! 4 " 4 |
|||
'3#.3E$"2, C!#6 2 |
$($!#'I. |
||
2. ($#5#6# - -(+$!. ,% '(,.$"2, $G '.$ !#6+I4 ,E"#4 2'!#, C!#6 ($"2 |
|||
#G! 4#$.+ 3 ( 3(!($(+ , |
$ ! 4 !. !( ,2E$"2 G! 4 " 4I. ($!#'I G! 4 " 4 |
||
3I"$!#.3#E$"2 |
H 3#$ !# ,($ .. |
3.+#5#6# - !#6'(,(+.( $($!#' G! 4 " 4 +# '3( #!I 1 4 , 1.7+IG G! 4 " 4,$ !I( !#"G '2$"2 !#6+I4 ,E"#4 ,($ ..
4.(, 5#6# - ! 4 " 4I !#" ! 7.3#E$"2, !(3!#L#2"% 3 !IG, E 4#"" . C(, #. ! 1 +.G 5 !4.! ($"2 2'(!+#2 C/4. #"$ $(, 5#6# +( ! G '.$ ' +-#.
.+$(!5#6( 4(F' 1 . 2 '(,(+.24. 4(/ 6# +($ !(' ,. #-.. .
1. ! 5#6# - 7#"$ $" $"$3 ($.