6. Endodontics (ендодонтія)
PART I
PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise 1. Practice pronunciation:
consider [kәn'sidә]
blow [blәu]
allow [ә'1аu]
inflame [in'fleim]
similar ['similә]
ensue [in'sju:]
accidental [æksi'dentl]
spray [sprei]
fracture ['frækt∫ә]
response [ri'spכns]
ordinary ['כ:dinri]
determine [di'tә:min]
suffice [sә'fais]
moisten ['mכistn]
apparent [ә'pærant]
Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:
consider вважати
eventually зрештою
allow дозволяти
inflame запалюватися
similar східний
ensue слідувати
accidental випадковий
irritation подразнення
drill свердлити, точити
spray спрей
fracture перелом
exposure виделення, експозиція
impact вплив
response реакція, відповідь
ordinary звичайний
determine встановлювати
stick прилипати
suffice задовольняти
prominent виступальний
moisten зволоженний
apparent помітний, очевидний
Exercise 3. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following word combinations:
Root filling, root canal therapy, unpleasant procedure, acute alveolar abscess, painful condition, basic object, source of irritation, exposure of the pulp, accidental exposure, cavity preparation, excessive heat, impact injury, alive pulp, decayed tooth, vitality test, painful response, apical blood vessels
Exercise 4. Read and translate the text
Endodontics
Endodontics is the term used for all forms of root canal therapy. It includes root filling, pulpotomy, pulp capping and apicectomy. Everyone considers them to be very unpleasant procedures. Pulpitis always leads to pulp death. This in turn eventually leads to an acute alveolar abscess, which is a very painful condition. To prevent this chain of events, endodontic treatment or extraction is required whenever the pulp is inflamed or dead, or when an alveolar abscess is already present. The basic object of endodontic treatment is to remove the inflamed or dead pulp and replace it with a root filling. This removes the source of irritation which causes alveolar abscess. It will also allow drainage and complete cure of an existing abscess. The root-filled tooth will then function just as well as1 one with a normal pulp. There are many causes of pulpitis and pulp death but the treatment is similar in each case; either extraction or endodontics.2 The commonest cause of pulpitis is exposure of the pulp. This allows mouth bacteria to enter the pulp chamber and infect the pulp. Exposure of the pulp may be due to:
1.Caries;
2.Accidental exposure during cavity preparation;
3. Fracture of the crown.
Even when the pulp is not exposed, pulpitis can still occur. The causes are:
1. Irritant filling; e.g. unlined silicate or acrylic.
2.Excessive heat during cavity preparation; e.g. use of air turbine handpiece without water spray.
3. Impact injury.
Impact injuries are noticed to be common in children with prominent front teeth. The crown may fracture and expose the pulp. Alternatively the crown remains intact but the blow damages the apical blood vessels and the dentist sees pulp death ensue.
The dentist's decision on whether to treat a decayed tooth by an ordinary filling, endodontics or extraction, depends on the state of the pulp. If it is dead, endodontics or extraction is necessary. If it is alive and unexposed, an ordinary filling will suffice.
The state of the pulp is not always apparent and vitality tests are often required to determine whether it is alive or dead. These tests depend on the painful response of the pulp to certain stimuli.3 If there is a response the pulp is vital; if not, it is probably dead.
The following tests are used:
Heat A stick of gutta-percha is heated in a flame and applied to the crown of the tooth.
Cold. Cotton wool moistened with ethyl chloride is applied to the crown.
Electricity. An electric pulp tester is applied to the crown.
4. Drilling. Cavity preparation without local anesthesia is painful when the pulp is vital.
5.X-ray. Alveolar abscess on a dead tooth will show on an X-ray film.
Notes
1 as well as — так же хорошо как
2 either extraction or endodontics - либо удаление, либо эндодонтическое лечение
3 stimuli — раздражители