Robert Koch

1. Topic vocabulary:

Limited resources - обмежені кошти, ресурси

research work - досліднецька робота

findings - отримані/ здобуті данні

widely spread - широко поширений

formally renamed - офіційно переіменований

due to - завдяки, дякуючи, внаслідок

to be unaware of - не знати, не підозрювати

to carry on - продовжувати

to be responsible for - бути відповідальним за

to allow - дозволяти

to manage - справлятися, ухитритися, примудритися

a mouse - миша / mice - миші

a bacterium - бактерія, мікроорганізм /bacteria - бактерії, мікроорганізми

2. Fill in the gaps with modal verbs.

Can, must, should, could, be able to, might, need, have to

1. You…try to avoid tight clothing, sitting in deep armchairs and bending, especially after meals.

2. If you aren't feeling better in 7 to 14 days, you really …come back and see me again.

3. You…end up with a serious drug problem.

4. I expect things will settle in a few days and you'll…get up.

5. If you still have some pain, you…keep taking paracetamol.

6. Some time off work…help.

7. I'm going to start you off with some tablets. If they don't help, we'll… to think about surgery.

8. You don't…insulin right now but it is possible you…need it in the future.

9. What about ay night? Do you…get up at night?

10. In severe cases, there…be scars afterwards.

3. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative:

1. The patient was able to fall asleep after taking the medicine.

2. We had to summarize and analyse all the findings of our observations.

3. The fifth-year students will be allowed to operate on the patients by themselves.

4. The scientist can prove his investigations.

5. The nurse must feed the infant.

6. The patient may walk.

4. Read and translate the text.

Robert Koch

Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch was bom in Clausthal, Prussia one of the German states as the son of a mining official. He studied medicine under Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle at the University of Gottingen and graduated in 1866. He then served in the Franco-Prussian War and later became district medical officer, Wollstein, Prussian Poland. Working with very limited resources, he became one of the founders of bacteriology, the other major figure being Louis Pasteur.

When Koch became a doctor he carried on many experiments on mice in a small laboratory. In 1882 Koch discovered tuberculosis bacilli. In his report made in the Berlin Physiological Society Koch described in detail the morphology of tuberculosis bacilli and the ways to reveal them. Due to his discovery Koch became known all over the world. In 1884 Koch published his book on cholera. This book included the investigations of his research work carried out during the cholera epidemic in Egypt and India. Koch identified the vibrio bacterium that caused cholera, though he never managed to prove it in experiments. He determined that these bacteria spread through drinking water.

The bacterium had been previously isolated by Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini in 1854, but his work had been ignored due to the predominance of the miasma theory of disease. Koch was unaware of Pacini's work and made an independent discovery, and his greater preeminence allowed the discovery to be widely spread for the benefit of others. In 1965, however, the bacterium was formally renamed Vibrio cholera Pacini 1854. In 1905 Koch got the Nobel Prize for his work on tuberculosis.

Koch's pupils found the organisms responsible for diphtheria, typhoid, pneumonia, gonorrhoea, cerebrospinal meningitis, leprosy, bubonic plague, tetanus, and syphilis, among others, by using his methods. Robert Koch died on 27 May 1910 from a heart-attack in Baden-Baden, age 66.