Тема № 4: Экология и её влияние на здоровье человека. Здоровый образ жизни.

Продолжительность изучения темы – 6 ч.

Цель: развитие навыков перевода, аннотирования и реферирования текстов по специальности

Задачи:

1. самостоятельно тренировать навыки перевода текстов повседневного и общенаучного характера со словарём;

2. самостоятельно тренировать навыки аннотирования и реферирования текстов по специальности, используя приёмы смысловой компрессии.

Текст 1. Providing public health

Public health has been defined as the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health, sanitation, personal hygiene, control of infection, and organisation of health services. From the normal human interactions there has emerged a recognition of the importance of community action in the promotion of health and the prevention and treatment of disease.

The practice of public health draws heavily on medical science and philosophy and concentrates especially on manipulating and controlling the environment for the benefit of the public. It is concerned therefore with housing, water supplies, and food. Public health medicine is a part of the greater enterprise of preserving and improving the public health. Occupational medicine is concerned with the health, safety, and welfare of people in the workplace. Its aim is to reduce the risks in the environment in which people work.

The venture of preserving, maintaining, and actively promoting public health requires special methods of information-gathering (epidemiology) and corporate arrangements to act upon significant findings and put them into practice. Statistics collected by epidemiologists attempt to describe and explain the occurrence of disease in a population by correlating factors such as diet, environment, radiation, or cigarette smoking with the incidence and prevalence of disease.

The government, through laws and regulations, creates agencies to oversee and formally inspect such things as water supplies, food processing, sewage treatment, drains, air contamination, and pollution. Governments are also concerned with the control of epidemic infections by means of enforced quarantine and isolation - for example, the health control that takes place at seaports and airports in an attempt to assure that infectious diseases are not brought into a country.

Текст 2. Vitamins

Vitamin is any of several organic substances that usually are separated into water-soluble (e.g., the B vitamins, vitamin C) and fat-soluble (e.g., vitamins A, D, E, K) groups; small quantities are necessary for normal health and growth in higher forms of animal life.

The substances commonly known as vitamins are diverse in chemical structure and function. Originally defined as organic compounds obtainable in a normal diet and capable of maintaining life and promoting growth, vitamins are distinct from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in function, as well as in the quantities in which organisms require them. A number of compounds once grouped with vitamins no longer are considered vitamins. If a vitamin is absent from the diet or is not properly absorbed by an organism, a specific deficiency disease may develop.

The term "vitamin" originated from “vitamine” a word first used in 1911 to designate a group of compounds considered vital for life. Since they generally cannot be synthesized by an animal (or, if synthesized, the amounts are insufficient to meet body needs) and must be obtained from the diet or from some synthetic source, vitamins are called essential nutrients. The requirements for some of the B vitamins may be met in part by bacterial synthesis in the intestines of some mammals. The amino acid tryptophan can be converted to nicotinic acid and thus can serve as a source for part of the nicotinic acid required by an animal.

Vitamin C can be synthesized by some organisms in sufficient amounts so that the dietary requirement is eliminated; vitamin C usually is considered a vitamin, however, because it must be included in the diet of man. Vitamins are distinct from many other compounds, which, although indispensable for proper animal functions, can be synthesized in adequate quantities.