Тема № 3: Медицинское обслуживание за рубежом

Продолжительность изучения темы – 6 ч.

Цель: развитие навыков перевода, аннотирования и реферирования текстов по специальности

Задачи:

1. самостоятельно тренировать навыки перевода текстов повседневного и общенаучного характера со словарём;

2. самостоятельно тренировать навыки аннотирования и реферирования текстов по специальности, используя приёмы смысловой компрессии.

Текст 1. Levels of health care

In the curative domain there are various forms of medical practice. They may be thought of generally as forming a pyramidal structure, with three tiers representing increasing degrees of specialisation and technical sophistication but catering to diminishing numbers of patients as they are filtered out of the system at a lower level. Only those patients who require special attention either for diagnosis or treatment should reach the second (advisory) or third (specialised treatment).

The first level represents primary health care, or first contact care, at which patients have their initial contact with the health-care system. The vast majority of patients can be fully dealt with at the primary level. Those who cannot are referred to die second tier for the opinion of a consultant with specialised knowledge or for X-ray examinations and special tests.

Secondary health care often requires the technology offered by a local or regional hospital. Increasingly, however, the radiological and laboratory services provided by hospitals are available directly to the family doctor. The third tier of health care, employing specialist services, is offered by institutions such as teaching hospitals and units devoted to the care of particular groups - women, children, patients with mental disorders, and so on.

Ideally, provision of health care at all levels will be available to all patients; such health care may be said to be universal. The well-off, both in relatively wealthy industrialised countries and in the poorer developing world, are able to get medical attention from sources they prefer and can pay for in the private sector. The vast majority of people in most countries, however, are dependent in various ways upon health services provided by the state, to which they may contribute comparatively little or, in the case of poor countries, nothing at all.

Текст 2. A clinic

A clinic is an organised medical service offering diagnostic, therapeutic, or preventive treatment to ambulatory patients. Often in Europe and occasionally in the United States the term covers the entire teaching centre, including the hospital and the ambulatory-patient facilities. The medical care offered by a clinic may or may not be connected with a hospital. The term "clinic" may be used to designate all the activities of a general clinic or only a particular division of the work; e.g., the psychiatric clinic, neurology clinic, or surgery clinic. The entire activity when connected with a hospital is called the outpatient department, and the specific subdivisions are referred to as clinics.

The first clinic in the English-speaking world, the London Dispensary, was founded in 1696 as a central means of dispensing medicines to the sick poor whom the physicians were treating in the patients' homes. The New York City, Philadelphia, and Boston dispensaries, founded in 1771, 1786, and 1796, respectively, had the same objective. Later, for the sake of convenience, physicians began to treat their free patients at the dispensary. The number of such clinics did not increase rapidly, and as late as 1890 only 132 were operating in the United States.

During the late 1800s the modern concept of a hospital began to take shape. During this period some of the hospitals connected with medical schools inaugurated outpatient departments for the purposes of teaching and charity. The advantages of providing ambulatory care close to the facilities of a hospital became apparent, and such hospital clinics multiplied rapidly.

The organisation of a hospital clinic in general follows that of the inpatient facilities. Hospital clinics are primarily concerned with acute diseases, and the physicians in the clinics are usually the same physicians who treat inpatients in the hospital.