Vocabulary Extension

-stems -rhizomes -mold -digitalis (fox-glove) -to confuse -to obtain -infusions -unfavourable -tinctures -decoctions -vapours -jars -label -to indicate - direction -administration -poisonous -untoward effect -the dose to be taken - side effect - hives - pruritis -rhinitis -blood dyscrasia -cumulative -adverse -synergetic - idiosyncratic action -tolerance -anaphylaxis

стебли корневищa плесень наперстянка перепутать получать, добывать настои неблагоприятный настройки отвары пары баночки этикетка указывать, обозначать указание к применению применение назначение ядовитый побочное действие доза, которую надо принять побочный эффект крапивница зуд ринит патологические изменения крови кумулятивный нежелательный синергичный / совместно действующий идиосинкразический (уникальный) эффект толерантность, привыкание, переносимость - анафилактический шок

II. Ознакомительное чтение. Administration of drugs

The route of administration of a drug is very important in determining the rate and completeness of its absorption into the blood stream and speed and duration of the drug’s action in the body.

Oral Administration

The route of administration is by mouth. Drugs given orally must pass into the stomach and be absorbed into the blood stream through the intestinal wall. This method may have several disadvantages. If the drug is destroyed in the digestive tract by the digestive juice or if the drug cannot pass through the intestinal wall or mucosa, it will be ineffective.

Sublingual Administration

In this route of administration, drugs are not swallowed but are placed under the tongue and allowed to dissolve in the saliva. Absorption may be rapid for some agents. Nitroglycerine tablets are taken this way to treat attacks of chest pain.

Rectal Administration. Suppositories

Sometimes, drugs are given by rectum when oral administration presents difficulties such as, when the patient is nauseated and vomiting.

Parenteral Administration

This type of administration is accomplished by injection through a syringe under the skin, into a muscle, into a vein or into a body cavity. There are several types of parenteral injections:

• Subcutaneous injection. This injection is sometimes called hypodermic, and is given just under several layers of skin.

• Intradermal injection. This shallow injection is made into the upper layers of the skin. It is used in skin testing for allergic reactions

• Intramuscular injection (I.M.). This injection is given into the muscle usually into the buttocks. When drugs are irritating the skin or a large volume of a long-acting drug is to be given, I.M. injections are advisable.

• Intravenous injection (I.V.). This injection is given directly into the veins. It is given when an immediate effect from the drug is desired or when the drug cannot be given into other tissues.

• Intrathecal injection is made in the case of anesthesia into the sheath of the spine marrow and the brain.

• Intracavitary injections are given into the body cavities: thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and others.