grammatical foundations

predicate 15–18, 19, 22, 25, 29, 30, 38, 65, 77, 86, 103, 104, 116–19, 130, 165, 179, 185, 186, 188, 200, 234, 282, 319–21, 324, 330, 334

preposing 114, 128, 129

preposition 11, 13, 14, 18, 23, 25, 28, 35–37, 38–40, 49, 50, 53–55, 67, 73, 74, 76, 80, 81, 84, 85, 90, 95, 98, 102, 103, 121, 122, 142, 143, 159, 160, 171, 174, 202–208, 213, 271, 273, 293, 331, 337, 338, 339

preposition phrase (PP) 73, 74, 81–85, 88–92, 95, 97, 98, 103, 110, 112, 114, 128, 129, 142, 155, 160, 168– 170, 200–12, 223–24, 269, 271, 293, 319–21

preposition stranding 293 prepositional complementiser 50, 122 prepositional verb 24

Projection Principle 125, 126, 127, 130, 179, 322

pronominal 46, 84–86, 121, 122, 155, 238, 333, 334, 335

pronoun 14, 36, 41, 46, 47, 51, 71, 76, 77, 81–86, 92, 99, 111, 120–23, 127, 128, 141, 144, 146–49, 152, 154, 155, 183, 266, 273, 283, 291, 294, 295, 318, 324, 325, 331, 333, 334, 335, 336

reflexive pronoun 99, 118, 119, 148, 225, 295

Q.

quantificational operator 295 quantifier 45, 53, 156, 160, 224, 275,

276, 305

R.

Radford, Andrew 36, 132, 221 raising 130, 131, 183, 322–36, 341 raising verb 183, 328, 330 recoverable 295

recursive rule 65, 105, 107, 108, 109 referential 127, 185, 294, 295, 323–25,

331, 333–36

regular 8, 11, 19, 22, 26, 28, 43, 68

relative clause 107, 108, 288–96, 305 headless relative 292 non-restrictive relative clause 289,

290

restrictive relative clause 289, 290 that-relative 292, 293, 294 wh-relative 291, 292, 293

Relativized Minimality 330 rewrite rule 74, 95–97, 105 Rizzi, Luigi 330

Russian 4

S.

semantics 7, 17, 23–33, 40, 53, 76–78, 99, 100, 104, 109, 111, 118, 119, 127, 130, 141–43, 148, 155, 159, 160, 165, 167, 168, 172, 173, 179, 183, 184, 191, 198, 206, 214–18, 227, 233, 235, 265, 270–72, 275– 77, 288, 289, 295, 304, 322, 323, 331, 341

sister node 71, 110, 221, 259 small clause 311–21, 341 Spanish 4

specificity 44

specifier position 96, 97, 100–103, 105–107, 110, 111, 113, 115, 117, 118, 141–46, 151–56, 158, 168, 171, 173, 177, 178, 184, 185, 187, 190–94, 197, 198, 200, 202, 206, 208–12, 223–26, 234–39, 254–59, 260, 265, 271–76, 284–87, 292, 295, 297–303, 312–17, 320, 325– 27, 337, 339

specifier rule 96, 105

Stowell, Tim 212, 221, 319, 321 Structure Preservation Principle 113,

124, 125, 130

subcategorisation frame 23, 24, 25, 28, 37, 38, 43, 46, 52, 77, 102–104, 110, 267, 268, 317, 320, 321

subcategory 10, 22, 25, 27, 28, 150, 168, 186

subject 74–79, 192–94, 286–88 expletive subject 77, 78, 183–86,

322, 323, 324, 327–29

missing subject 100, 190, 225, 227, 238, 269, 283, 322–25, 331

PRO 325, 331–36, 340

subject position 77–80, 112, 113, 116, 121–31, 143, 169, 170, 174, 177, 183, 184, 189, 190, 197, 204, 213, 214, 219, 220, 234, 256, 257, 273, 316–32, 340

subject movement 171, 234, 255, 257, 287, 321, 330

subject-auxiliary inversion 112, 271 substitution 68, 83–87, 129, 276 Surface-structure 124–127, 159, 179,

214, 223, 234, 239, 240, 322 Surfice-structure 111–14 Swahili 4

syntax 8, 168, 261

T.

tense 7, 8, 10, 19–22, 33, 37, 41, 43, 50, 52, 75, 121, 165, 167, 180, 181, 187, 216–20, 233, 235, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246–54, 255, 258, 260, 265, 277, 278, 287, 288, 311, 326, 327, 336, 340

thematic category 11–40, 43, 161 thematic hierarchy 196, 197 thematic role see theta role

there-construction see existential there-construction

Theta Criterion 120, 128, 323

theta role 16, 17, 19, 23, 30, 78, 82, 104, 106, 116–20, 123, 126, 128, 165, 168, 171, 174, 177–79, 183, 185, 187–90, 192, 194, 196, 197, 200, 210, 219, 237, 239, 248, 255, 256, 258, 313–17, 323–29

agent 16, 17, 22, 23, 29, 30, 55, 65, 78, 116, 169, 171, 173, 174, 177, 178, 180–82, 185–94, 196, 197, 200, 201, 217, 222, 226, 227, 239, 256, 316, 339

experiencer 16, 29, 30, 63, 78, 79, 110, 186, 187, 192–94, 196, 197, 222, 313, 316, 317

patient 16, 23, 29, 65, 78, 116, 117, 186, 187, 189

theme 16, 30, 78, 82, 97, 104, 110, 118, 141, 165, 168–78, 182–87, 190, 193–206, 210, 219, 221, 222, 226, 227, 269

Theta Theory 115–20, 124, 165 theta-grid 16, 18, 19, 23, 25, 40, 43,

46, 53 theta-marking 258

three-place predicate 16, 17, 23 to-infinitive 238, 251

topic 44, 87, 90, 112, 114, 209, 297, 298, 299, 300, 302, 305

topicalisation 87, 89, 112, 213, 297– 99, 301, 304, 305

trace 120–24, 148, 284, 292, 325, 330 Travis, Lisa 243

tree diagram 71, 72, 74, 92, 315 two-place predicate 16, 17, 23, 116

U.

underspecification 15, 51–56

Uniform Theta-role Assignment Hypothesis (UTAH) 117, 118, 120, 165, 171, 174, 177, 178, 188, 192, 194, 197, 199, 202, 211, 213

unpronounced see phonologically empty

Urdu 196, 218

V.

[±V] 12–15, 19, 25, 30, 33, 36, 38–40, 47–49, 52, 54, 55, 101, 237, 268, 301, 321

verb 11, 19–25, 168–214

aspectual auxiliary verb 40, 52, 214–20, 234, 243, 246, 248, 277

complex transitive verb 25 ditransitive verb 24

dummy auxiliary 215–18, 219, 240, 242, 244, 253, 278, 286, 287

ergative verb 175–86, 188, 191 exceptional verb 270, 315, 316, 318,

326, 328, 329, 332

finite verb form 42, 75, 76, 235, 253

intransitive verb 24, 34, 39, 46, 66, 77, 85, 107, 119, 126, 141, 168, 170, 176, 182, 186, 197–99, 255

lexical verb 20

modal auxiliary verb 11, 12, 18, 19, 40, 41, 42, 43, 50, 129, 214, 220, 233, 235, 238, 249, 250, 258, 265

non-finite verb form 235, 341 transitive verb 24, 25, 34, 35, 66,

81, 110, 125, 126, 159, 171, 176, 177, 182, 186–88, 209, 210, 255

unaccusative verb 168–72, 173–78, 181–86, 191, 197–200, 222, 325

verb phrase (VP) 73–75, 79, 83–92, 95–100, 104, 114, 161, 165–228, 233–37, 239, 244, 247–49, 252, 254, 257, 259, 261, 265, 268, 288, 297, 314, 315, 316, 319, 321, 322, 325, 328, 337, 338

voice

active voice 55, 117, 188, 190, 191 passive voice 112

voiceless sound 8

vP 173, 175, 214, 222, 228, 233–37, 241, 244, 248, 252–54, 268, 317, 321, 338, 340

VP see Verb Phrase

VP-Internal Subject Hypothesis 174, 247

W.

Webelhuth, Gert 132

wh-element 88, 90, 271, 272–77, 280, 282–305

whether 283, 284

wh-movement 90, 273–86, 295, 298, 301, 302, 305

wh-question 271, 272, 275, 284, 286, 300

word category 4–56, 73, 84, 91, 92, 95–98, 100, 102, 104, 105, 110, 115, 127, 145, 148, 158, 161, 179, 223, 233, 249, 269, 301, 303, 320, 337

X.

X-bar theory 95–110, 120, 130, 151, 165, 221, 236, 288, 320

Y.

yes-no question 112, 271, 272, 278, 279, 283, 284, 294, 295

Yupik 176

Z.

zero level projection 97 zero relative 292, 293, 294

.

-role see theta role