The vowel sounds /e/ and /æ/

XIII. Listen to the sound / e/ on its own. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this long vowel sound.

The tongue is in the front part of the mouth. The front of the tongue is raised to the hard palate but not so high as for / ı /. The air passage is rather wide, the jaw is lowered and the distance between the upper and lower teeth is wider than in pronouncing /ı /. The lips are loosely spread.

XIV. Listen and repeat. Distinguish between the phonemes / ı/ and /e/.

Pin – pen, bin – Ben, tin – ten, pig – peg, Bill – bell, chick – cheques.

XV. Read these examples of the sound / e /.

men	death	check	end	lemon	sweat
head	red	shelf	bury	leisure	measure
met	friend	leg	ready	burier	friendship
set	said	bell	test	many	press

XVI. Listen to the sound / æ /. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this short vowel sound.

The mouth is more open than for /e/. The tongue is in the front part of the mouth. The front of the tongue is rather low. The air passage is wider than for the English /e/. The jaw is lowered.

XVII. Read these examples of the sound /æ /.

mad	bag	ham
sang	back	has
pan	can	tram
hat	cash	stand
bank	catch	match

XVIII. Listen to the sounds / e / and / æ / in contrast and repeat.

X – axe, pen – pan, men – man, said – sad, beg – bag, bread – Brad.

XIX. Read the contrasted sounds / e / and / æ /. Transcribe the words.

ten - tan den - dad

bet - bat let - land

pen - pan set - sand

sex - sacks teg - tag

dead - Dad mess - mass

mesh - mash deb - dab

XX. Read the following sentences. Mind the right articulation of the sounds / e / and / æ /.

1. It’s best to rest, said the vet to the pet.

2. Ted met his best friend and they went to test the bell.

3. The fat cat sat on the man’s black hat.

4. Check if the burier is ready.

5. Many men have hats on their heads.

6. Can Sam measure cash in that black bag?

XXI. Listen to the dialogue (Sound Right 7.1). Intone it. Learn and reproduce it, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sounds / e / and / æ /.

7.1

- Get a pet, Pat.

- Alan, I’ve got a pet. I’ve got a cat!

- That terrible black cat outside?

- Terrible?

- That smelly cat?

- Alice is an elegant cat.

- Mm. Well, perhaps that cat at the back isn’t Alice.

- Alice! Puss-puss! Alice! Alice, you haven’t met Alan. Puss-puss!... Now Alan, this is

Alice.

- Yes, Pat (sniffs). Yes, that’s Alice.

XXII. Learn the following graphical rules:

• Vowel / e / is represented in spelling by:

3. the letter “e” in closed accented syllables (red)

4. the digraphs “ea” before “d”, “th” (bread, weather), “s” /ʒ/ (pleasure, measure);

in words: heavy, pleasant, peasant, health, wealth, meant, breakfast, weapon, any, many, says, said and some other such like.

“ie” (friend)

“ei” + /3/ (leisure)

letter “u” (bury)

• Vowel / æ / is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter “a” in closed syllables (bag, glad)

Note: A number of disyllabic words with the accented letter “a” in an open syllable fall under this rule (family, cavity, palate).

XXIII. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings, learn them:

/ e /

4. Many men, many minds.

5. Better to do well than to say well.

6. Better late than never, but better never late.

7. All is well that ends well.

8. Better an egg today, that a hen tomorrow.

/ æ /

2. No living man all things can.

3. Who chatters to you will chatter of you.

XXIV. Learn the following tongue twisters:

/ æ /

Swan, swim over the sea

Swim, swan, swim

Swan swam back again

Well swum, swan.

The vowel sounds /α:/ and /۸ /.

XXV. Listen to the sound / α: / on its own. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this long vowel sound.

The blade of the tongue is very low down in the mouth, it is retracted. The tip of the tongue is also retracted from the lower teeth. The back of the tongue is slightly raised towards the soft palate. The jaw is considerably lowered. The lips are neutral.

XXVI. Listen and repeat.

Carp, heart, cart, barn, march, clerk.

XXVII. Read these examples of the sound / α:/.

far	card	harm	class	fast	ask
bar	cart	halve	gasp	after	path
heart	star	half	plant	aunt	heart
march	starve	raft	task	bath	France
calm	start	clerk	dance	past	laugh

XXVIII. Listen to the sound / ۸/. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this short vowel sound.

The tongue is in the central part of the mouth. The back of the tongue is raised towards the roof of the mouth. The front of the tongue is raised to the back of the hard palate. The tip of the tongue is retracted from the front lower teeth. The lips are neutral.

XXIX. Listen and repeat.

Cup, hut, cut, bun, much, cluck.

30. Read these examples of the sound /۸ /.

shut	blood	flood	country	son
much	cut	ton	son	mother
luck	young	rough	courage	trouble
come	does	dove	duck	sun
must	cup	hut	couple	such

31. Listen to the sounds /۸/ and / α: / in contrast and repeat.

cup-carp bun-barn

hut-heart much-march

cut-cart cluck-clerk

32. Read the contrasted sounds / α: / and / ۸ /. Transcribe the words.

luck - lark heart - hut

cud - card cart - cut

duck - dark barn - bun

lust - last march - much

bucks - barks

33. Read the following sentences. Mind the right articulation of the sounds / α: / and / ۸ /.

2. My mother’s brother’s my uncle; my uncle’s son’s my cousin.

3. Your uncle took the umbrella upstairs.

4. My puppy loves to run.

5. You must go to lunch but come back for supper.

6. The ugly duck is under the hut.

7. Put some honey on the bun, Mother.

8. Aunt Martha lives near Marble Arch, which isn’t far.

34. Listen to the dialogue (Sound Right 11.1). Intone it. Learn and reproduce it, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sounds / α: / and / ۸ /.

11.1

- Ask it to bark, Margaret.

- I rather think it can’t bark, Arnold.

- Can’t bark? But if it can’t bark, it can’t guard the house. Ask it to bark, Margaret.

- Er… er… Can’t you… bark?

- Bark, can’t you! Bark! Bark!

- Arnold can bark.

35. Learn the following graphical rules:

• Vowel / α: / is represented in spelling by:

1. The digraph “ar” (part)

2. “a” followed by ”ss, st, sk, sp, ft, t, th, lf, lm” (after, past, ask, grasp, after, father, tomato, half, calm)

3. “ance”, “anch” in words of French origin (France, glance, ranch)

4. “and” when stressed (demand)

Rare Spellings: aunt, draught, laugh, clerk, sergeant, heart, hearth, bazaar, drama, aria, tomato, garage, moustache, vase

• Vowel / ۸ / is represented in spelling by:

1. The letter “u” in stressed closed syllables (uncle)

2. “o” followed by “m, n, v, th” (come, son, love, mother)

3. The digraph “ou” followed by “gh, bl(e), pl(e)” (tough, trouble, couple)

To memorise: “ou” + other consonants (country, courage, cousin, touch, young, southern)

Rare Spellings: blood, flood, worry.

36. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings. Learn them:

/ α: /

1. He laughs best, who laughs last.

2. After a storm comes a calm.

3. Each dog barks in his own yard.

4. Art is long, life is short.

/ ۸ /

1. So many countries, so many customs.

2. Don’t trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.

3. Love me, love my dog.

4. When two Sundays come together.

5. A storm in a tea cup.

6. A man is known by the company he keeps.

7. As snug as a bug in a rug.

8. As hungry as a hunter.

37. . Learn the following tongue twister:

/ ۸ /

Double bubble gum bubbles double

The vowel sounds / ɒ / and /ɔ:/.

38. Listen to the sound / ɒ /. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this short vowel sound.

The blade of the tongue is retracted. The back of the tongue is only slightly raised. The lips are rounded. The jaw is lowered. / ɒ /.

39. Listen and repeat.

Don, cod, cot, pot, fox, spots.

40. Read these examples of the sound / ɒ /.

want	Rob	doll	sausage	stop
lock	Rock	dog	what	wash
got	Gone	dock	quality	quarrel
fond	God	lot	because	quantity
wrong	Got	hot	spot	watch

41. Listen to the sound / o: / on its own. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this long vowel sound.

The back of the tongue is raised still higher towards the soft palate than in pronouncing the English / ɒ /. The English / ɔ: / is more retracted and close than the English / ɒ /. The mouth is less open and the lips are more rounded than for / ɒ /.

42. Listen and repeat.

Dawn, cord, caught, port, forks, sports.

43. Read these examples of the sound / ɔ:/.

short	bored	war	before	door	salt
walk	bought	wall	Paul	court	daughter
four	Call	fort	laundry	thought	draw
ball	cause	quarter	chalk	sport	awful
bore	caught	fault	auto	course	straw

44. Listen to the sounds / ɒ / and / ɔ: / in contrast and repeat.

Don-Dawn pot-port

cod-cord fox-forks

cot-caught spots-sports

45. Read the contrasted sounds / ɒ / and / ɔ: /. Transcribe the words.

shod - shored pot – port

lot – lord cod - cord

wad - ward not - north

Poll - Paul fog - forth

46. Read the following sentences. Mind the right articulation of the sounds / ɔ: / and / ɒ /.

2. Laura’s daughter bought a horse and called it Laura.

3. It’s wrong to lock a dog.

4. He got wrong quality sausage and quarreled because of that.

5. Do not walk on the lawn.

6. The shawl is in the automobile.

7. Can you draw a horse?

8. The ball has fallen over the wall.

9. When it is warm in autumn I often sit in the orchard.

10. Paul’s audience applauded warmly.

11. I thought Shaw was the author.

47. Listen to the dialogue (Sound Right 26.1). Intone it. Learn and reproduce it, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sounds / ɔ: / and / ɒ /.

26.1

- I've bought a dog, Polly.

- What sort of dog, Paul?

- Oh, just an ordinary dog, Polly.

- What’s it called?

- Oh, it’s got just an ordinary name.

- Is it called Spot?

- No – it’s called… Polly.

48. Learn the following graphical rules:

• Vowel / ɔ: / is represented in spelling by:

1. “oor”, “our”, “oar” (door, your, board)

2. “or” /third syllable-type/ (port)

3. “a” followed by “ll” or “l” + consonant (all, salt, talk)

4. “au”, “aw” (autumn, law)

5. “ough”, “augh” + “t” (ought, thought, taught)

6. “war” (war, warm), “quar” (quarter)

Irregular Readings: our, flour, sour, poor

• Vowel / ɒ / is represented in spelling by:

1. The letter “o” in closed stressed syllables (not)

2. The digraph “wa” (was), EXCEPT: water /o: /, “wha” (what)

3. “qua” (quality), EXCEPT: quarter, quarrel /kw ɔ:/

Rare Spellings: because, sausage, cough, knowledge

49. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings. Learn them:

/ ɔ: /

9. All for one and one for all.

10. It never rains but it pours.

11. Trust me not all or all in all.

12. All roses have thorns.

/ ɒ /

1. Honesty is the best policy.

2. A little pot is soon hot.

3. Be slow to promise and quick to perform.

4. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

50. Learn the following tongue twisters:

/ ɔ: /

1. I thought a thought. But the thought I thought wasn't the thought I thought I thought. If the thought I thought I thought had been the thought I thought,

I wouldn't have thought so much.

2. I saw a saw that could outsaw any other saw I ever saw.

3. If a white chalk chalks on a black blackboard,

Will a black chalk chalk on a white blackboard?

/ ɒ /

When a doctor falls ill another doctor doctors the doctor.

Does the doctor doctoring the doctor

doctor the doctor in his own way,

or does the doctor doctoring the doctor

doctor the doctor in the doctor's way?

The vowel sounds /u:/ and / υ /.

I. Listen to the sound / υ /. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this short vowel sound.

The whole blade of the tongue is in the back part of the mouth. The back of the tongue is raised towards the soft palate. It is raised higher and towards a more front part of the soft palate than in pronouncing the English / ɔ:/, therefore the sound /u/ is defined as more advanced and more close than / ɔ:/. The tip of the tongue is retracted from the lower teeth. The lips are rounded about the same amount as for / ɔ:/ but the mouth is not so open.

II. Listen and repeat.

Look, pull, full, foot.

III. these examples of the sound / υ /.

look	good	push	sugar	book
pull	foot	look	should	could
full	wolf	took	bush	cook
put	would	puss	wool (!)	butcher

IV. Listen to the sound / u: / on its own. Look at the mouth

diagram to see how to make this long vowel sound.

The tongue is in the back part of the mouth. The back of the tongue is raised high in the direction of the soft palate. The soft palate is raised. The tip of the tongue is retracted from the lower teeth. /u:/ is more retracted and close than the English /u/, the distance between the jaws is narrower. The lips are rounded but not protruded, the opening between the lips is smaller and the degree of rounding is greater than for / υ /.

V. Listen and repeat.

Luke, pool, fool, boot.

VI. Read these examples of the sound /u:/.

fool	shoes	soup	true	moon	do
rude	shoot	crew	group	rule	root
boot	new	to	drew	truth	tool
shoe	lose	who	rouble	threw	move
route	pool	solution	groove	prove	fool (!)

VII. Listen to the sounds / υ / and / u: / in contrast and repeat.

Look-Luke

pull-pool

full-fool

foot-boot

VIII. Read the contrasted sounds/ υ / and / u: /. Transcribe the words.

should – shoed foot - food

could – cooed full - fool

would – wooed took - two

look – Luke book - boot

pull – pool who - hook

IX. Read the following sentences. Mind the right articulation of the sounds / u: / and / υ /.

2. That cook couldn’t cook if she didn’t look at a cook book.

3. Sue knew too few new tunes on the flute.

4. The cook pushed the crooked stick with her foot.

5. The cookies are good.

6. The poor rabbit hit the bushes.

7. Put the book on the wooden table.

8. My ruler is at school too.

9. Chew your food, Ruth.

10. My shoe is in the pool.

11. Does the moon shine into your room?

12. It’s very cool this noon.

X. Listen to the dialogue (Sound Right 29.2). Intone it. Learn and reproduce it, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sounds / u: / and / υ /.

29.2

- We should be there by two.

- Yes, it’s a full moon and the route’s good.

- I’d put the things in the boot.

- The boot’s full.

- What is that fool put in the boot?

- I wouldn’t look if I were you.

- Or should I say – who’s he put in the boot?

XI. Learn the following graphical rules:

• Vowel / u: / is represented in spelling by:

1. The letter “u” in open syllables (tune)

Note: It sounds /u:/ preceded by “j, r, l” (June, blue)

2. The digraphs “eu” and “ew” - /ju:/ (neutral, few) BUT: Jew, crew, flew

3. “ui” (suit)

4. The digraph “ou” in words of French origin (group, wound)

5. “oo” (moon, root, pool), “you” (you, youth)

Rare Spellings: beauty, queue, who, whom, whose, do, to, too, two

• Vowel / υ / is represented in spelling by:

1. The diagraph “oo” followed by “k” (book)

2. The letter “u” after “p, b, f”, sometimes “s” (pull, bull, full; sugar)

Irregular Readings: but, bus, butter

Rare Spellings: could, should, would, bouquet, woman, wolf

XII. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings, learn them:

/ u: /

13. No news is good news.

14. Bad news has wings.

15. That’s where the shoe pinches.

/ υ /

1. A good beginning makes a good ending.

2. A good cook never cooks while looking into a cookery book.

3. Look before you leap.

XIII. Learn the following tongue twister and read the text as fast as you can.

How much wood would a woodchuck chuck

If a woodchuck could chuck wood?

He would chuck as much wood as a woodchuck could chuck

If a woodchuck could chuck wood.

Booker Woolsey Cookbook.

Booker Woolsey was a good cook. One day, he took a good look at his full schedule and decided that he could write a good cookbook. He knew that he could, and thought that he should, but he wasn’t sure that he ever would. Once he had made up his mind, he stood up, pulled up a table, took a cushion and put it on a bushel basket of sugar in the kitchen nook. He shook out his writing hand and put his mind to creating a good, good cookbook.