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Файл:история языка / lecture 3.ppt
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- •ME Phonology.
- •I. Main historical events of the ME
- •Middle English (1066-1485)
- •1066 the Norman
- •French was used in official documents, court; was the language of upper class
- •1204 King John Lackland lost Normandy to the French;
- •The Black Death (the Plague. 1348- 1351);
- •War of the Roses (1455-1485), York (white rose) vs. Lancaster (red rose);
- •ME dialects. Rise of the London dialect.
- •In England the new standard language which arose in the late Middle Ages
- •ME vowel system. General characteristics.
- •Shortening
- •Shortening
- •Lengthening
- •Qualitative changes: Dialect Changes
- •Y,y (long and short)
- •å (nasal, before “m”, “n”)
- •Æ (short)
- •Æ(long)
- •Levelling of unstressed vowels
- •New diphthongs arose during the
- •French loanwords supplied the
- •ME Morphology
- •Reasons for these changes:
- •ME Noun
- •In PDE we still have a few relics
- •The number of cases was reduced to two: Common and
- •The grammatical categories of the Noun:
- •The category of Gender
- •The Definite Article
- •The Verb
- •The principle of analogy— the tendency of language to follow certain patterns and
- •Classes of ME Verbs
- •The two key changes which affected ME verbs:
- •The ME Verbal System
- •The Future Tense
- •The Perfect Tenses and
- •The Continuous Tenses
- •By the end of ME the perfect, passive, and continuous markings of the
- •ME Syntax
- •Word-order became more important: S-V-O word-order became the dominant one.
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