- •U n I t 13
- •Reading drills
- •1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:
- •Comments
- •Vocabulary exercise
- •II. Match the synonyms:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •IV. Match each term in Column a with its definition in Column b:
- •V. Define which of the following items best completes the statement:
- •VII. Answer the following questions:
- •VIII. Translate into English:
- •Reading drills
- •1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:
- •Comments
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •II. Complete the following sentences:
- •III. Combine the sentences by using «not only», «but also».
- •IV. Say whether these statements are true or false and if they are
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Retell the text b using the following words and
- •Reading drills
- •1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:
- •Comments
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Give the Ukrainian equivalents for the following words and word-combinations. Use them in the sentences of your own:
- •II. Translate the sentences paying attention to the italicized words:
- •III. Fill in the blanks below with the most appropriate terms from
- •IV. Match each term in Column a with its definition in Column b:
- •V. Define which of the following items best completes the statement:
- •VII. Answer the following questions:
- •VIII. Translate into English:
- •Communicative situations
- •Grammar exercises The Objective Infinitive Complex.
- •I. Change the following sentences according to the pattern:
- •II. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use the Objective
- •Infinitive Complex:
- •III. Translate into Ukrainian:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •V. Translate into Ukrainian:
- •VI. Translate into English:
- •VII. Open the brackets, using the Objective Infinitive Complex:
- •VIII. Translate into Ukrainian:
- •IX. Translate into English:
- •The Subjective Infinitive Complex.
- •Instead of the Objective Infinitive Complex:
- •XI. Fill in the blanks using the correct form of the Infinitive:
- •XIII. Translate into Ukrainian:
- •XIV. Translate into English:
- •II. Transform the sentences using the Objective or Subjective
- •Infinitive Complexes:
- •III. Translate into English:
U n I t 13
TOPIC: LABOUR TEXT A TEXT B TEXT C GRAMMAR: The Objective Infinitive Complex The Subjective Infinitive Complex |
Reading drills
1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:
a) stress the first syllable:
skill, skilled, labour, force, since, total, grow, growth, shortage, training, operate, carpenter, typist, toolmaker, company, recognize, influance, rate, size, standard, wage, bargain;
b) stress the second syllable:
available, production, eventually, equipment, decline, amount, activity, affect, professional, executive, perform, determine, supply, demand;
c) stress the third syllable:
population, supervision, occupation.
Text A
In order for any country to grow, it must have a large and skilled labour force. Since the size of this force is related to total population the number of people available for production activities will grow as the population grows. If the growth of population continues to decline, it eventually affect the growth of the labour force. However a labour shortage1 could be made up2 by workers from other countries.
There are four major categories of labour that are based on the general level of skills needed to do any kind of job. These categories are unskilled, semiskilled, skilled and professional or managerial.
Unskilled labour. Workers who do not have the training to operate machines and equipment fall into3 the category of unskilled labour. Most of these people work chiefly with their hands at such jobs as digging ditches, picking fruit, etc.
Semiskilled labour. Workers who have mechanical abilities4 fall into the category of semiskilled labour. They may operate electric floor polishers, or any other equipment that calls for5 a certain amount of skill.
Skilled labour. Workers who are able to operate complex equipment and who can do their tasks with little supervisions fall into the category of skilled labour. Examples are carpenters, typists, toolmakers.
Professional labour. Workers with high level skills such as doctors, lawyers and executives of large companies fall into the category of professional labour.
Most occupations have wage rate — a standard amount of pay given for work performed.
How these rates are determined can be explained in two different ways. The first deals with supply and demand, the second recognizes the influence of unions on the bargaining process6.
Comments
1. a labour shortage — брак робочої сили
2. could be made up — можна було б компенсувати
3. to fall into — належати до …
4. mechanical abilities — здібності до техніки
5. to call for — вимагати
6. bargaining process — договірний процес
Vocabulary exercise
Find equivalents:
1. in order to 2. skilled labour 3. unskilled labour 4. total population 5. labour shortage 6. wage rate
8. supply and demand 9. to fall into the category
11. chiefly 12. bargaining process
14. toolmaker |
а. головним чином б. брак робочої сили в. тарифна ставка г. попит і пропозиція д. напівкваліфікована робоча сила е. договірний процес є. належати до категорії ж. для того, щоб з. кваліфікована робоча сила и. інструментальник і. кількість населення ї. рівень кваліфікації й. некваліфікована робоча сила к. знижуватися |