- •Reading drills
- •1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:
- •Comments
- •VI. Complete the following sentences:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Name the word-building elements and the part of speech of each word:
- •II. Find equivalents:
- •III. Match the synonyms:
- •IV. Match the antonyms:
- •V. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs if necessary:
- •VII. Match each term in Column a with its definition in Column b:
- •X. Translate into English:
- •Retell the text a using the following words and
- •Reading drills
- •1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:
- •Comments
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Use the correct word in the sentences. Change the form
- •II. Give the Ukrainian equivalents for the following words and
- •Paraphrase the following sentences as in the pattern:
- •Say whether these statements are true or false and if they are
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •Reading drills
- •1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:
- •Comments
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Find single words in the text for which the following words could
- •II. Say whether these statements are true or false and if they are
- •III. Change the following sentences as in the pattern:
- •VI. Answer the following questions:
- •Communicative situations
- •Grammar exercises Modal Verbs and their Equivalents Modal Verbs: can; could; be able to
- •I. Complete the sentences according to the pattern:
- •II. Ask your groupmate:
- •III. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative:
- •Modal Verbs: may; might
- •XI. Give short and full answers:
- •XII. Translate into Ukrainian:
- •XIII. Ask your teacher:
- •XIV. Translate into English:
- •Modal Verbs: must; be to; have to; have got to
- •XV. Give short and full answers:
- •XVI. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative:
- •XVII. Answer the following questions:
- •XVIII. Complete the disjunctive questions:
- •XIX. Translate into Ukrainian:
- •XX. Complete the following situation, using «be to»
- •XXI. Translate into English:
- •Modal Verbs: should; ought to
- •XXII. Translate into Ukrainian:
- •XXIII. Change the sentences using the verbs should or ought:
- •XXIV. Put «to» where necessary:
- •XXV. Translate into English:
- •Indefinite Pronoun: one. Indefinite-Personal Sentences
- •XXVI. Paraphrase the sentences using the indefinite pronoun one:
- •XXVII. Translate the sentences and define the function of «one»:
- •XXVIII. Translate into Ukrainian:
- •XXIX. Translate into English:
- •XXX. Memorize the following proverbs. Translate them into
- •Exercises for individual work
- •I. Insert may or might:
- •II. Insert can, could or be able to:
- •III. Change the sentences into the Past and Future Indefinite:
- •IV. Insert must or the present, future, or past form of have to:
- •V. Insert must not or need not:
- •VI. Put «to» where necessary:
- •VII. Insert one(s) or one’s:
- •VIII. Translate into English:
X. Translate into English:
1. Вiдповiдь на певний ряд питань допомагає визначити ринкову структуру або її природу та ступiнь конкуренцiї мiж фiрмами, якi дiють на одному й тому ж ринку. 2. До ринкових структур належать: чиста конкуренцiя, монополiстична конкуренцiя, олiгополiя та монополiя. 3. Чиста конкуренцiя — це важлива категорiя економiчних ринкiв. 4. Кожен покупець чи продавець дiє на ринку незалежно. 5. Вони залежать вiд тих сил на ринку, якi визначають цiну. 6. Урiзноманiтнюючи трохи свiй товар, фiрма може намагатися залучити бiльше покупцiв i змiнити економiчний ринок. 7. Коли таке трапляється, ринкова ситуацiя називається монополicтичною конкуренцiєю.
Retell the text a using the following words and
word-combinations:
to prevail; to enter the market; a highly competitive market; to determine market structure; in short; to depend on forces in the market; pure competition; monopolisic competition; oligopoly; monopoly; to determine price; to keep smth for oneself; to accept the price; to monopolize; to stand out from smth; to attract attention; to attract more customers; to take over the economic market; product differentiation; to do business; to have some influence over price.
Reading drills
1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:
a) stress the first syllable:
gather, marketplace, simply, buyer, seller, influence, perfect, fluctuate, indicate, current, contact, fixed, agent;
b) stress the second syllable:
extension, location, condition, permit, communicate, completely, prevail, affect, accept, inevitably, commodity, consumer.
Text B
The term market, as used by economists, is an extension of the ancient idea of a market as a place where people gather to buy and sell goods. In former days part of a town was kept as the market or marketplace, and people would travel many kilometres on special market-days in order to buy and sell various commodities.
Today, however, markets such as the world sugar market, the gold market1 and the cotton market do not need to have any fixed geographical location. Such a market is simply a set of conditions permitting buyers and sellers to work together.
In a free market2, competition takes place among sellers of the same commodity, and among those who wish to buy that commodity. Such competition influences the prices prevailing in the market. Prices inevitably fluctuate, and such fluctuations are also affected by current supply and demand.
Whenever people who are willing to sell a commodity contact people who are willing to buy it, a market for that commodity is created. Buyers and sellers may meet in person, or they may communicate in some other way: by telephone or through their agents. In a perfect market, communications are easy, buyers and sellers are numerous and competition is completely free. In a perfect market there can be only one price for any given commodity: the lowest price which sellers will accept and the highest which consumers will pay. There are, however, no really perfect markets, and each commodity market3 is subject to special conditions. It can be said, however, that the price ruling in a market indicates the point where supply and demand meet.