III. Make up a plan of the text in the form of questions.

IV. Render the text in a written form.

Text c

I. Mind the following words and word-combinations:

goal – мета

well-drilled – добре підготовлений

obedient – слухняний

to endure (to undergo) hardships – виносити тяжкі випробування

rigorous – суворий

II. Listen to the text “Spartan education” and try to understand it.

III. True/False statements:

1. The goal of Spartan education was to produce an educated person.

2. Boys in Sparta lived in a communal style.

3. At the age of 30 boys were moved up to the next stage of education.

IV. Answer the following questions:

1. How was the Spartan system of education organised?

2. What was the goal of this system?

Unit 7

Topic: Pedagogical Culture in the Middle Ages

TEXT A

I. Read and remember the following words and word-combinations:

the Middle Ages – середньовіччя

involvement – занурення

Christian values – християнські цінності

religious – релігійний

trivium – трівіум (цикл з трьох основних навчальних дисциплін в середньовічній школі: граматики, логіки та риторики)

rhetoric – риторика, ораторське мистецтво

dialectics – діалектика, вміння вести полеміку

quadrivium – квадрівіум (арифметика, астрономія, геометрія і музика – другий щабель у вивчені семи вільних мистецтв у середньовічних університетах)

to appoint – призначати, затверджувати (на посаді)

prayer – молитва

peculiarity – особливість, характерна риса

juridical – юридичний

treatise – трактат, наукова праця

II. Read and translate the following text: Pedagogical Culture in the Middle Ages

In contrast to ancient times, when education aimed for a formation of a valuable citizen, in the Middle Ages the stress was made on the full involvement to the Christian values.

Education was greatly influenced by the Church; it was fully religious in its sense. Much attention was paid to mathematics, logic, grammar, music, geometry and astronomy.

There was no separation between elementary, secondary and higher schools. The Catholic Church should have approved all curricula. All subjects were divided into two groups: trivium (grammar, rhetoric, dialectics) and quadrivium (mathematics, geometry, music, astronomy). Teachers were also appointed by the Church. Pupils learned prayers by heart, read religious books and learned answers to questions, not knowing the idea. Teachers did not take into account psychical peculiarities of a child; they didn’t have any elementary skills in methodology. Corporal punishment was widely used in the teaching process.

Appearance of higher schools and universities allowed getting more systematic and thorough knowledge. Till 15th century there were 60 universities in Europe and then the number of universities increased. There were 4 faculties: artistic, juridical, medical and theological. Main methods of studies at universities were lectures and disputes. Students did a lot of exercises and wrote written works – treatise. Books were made of paper, so they became cheaper and more available.

Each social class tried to give their children education according to their social

level.