III. Make up a plan of the text in the form of questions.

IV. Render the text in a written form.

Text c

I. Mind the following words and word-combinations:

the Celts – кельти

chief – ватажок (племені)

tо obey – слухатися, підкорятися

warrior – воїн; боєць

the Britons – стародавні бритти

to wear skin – носити (одягати) шкуру

wartime – воєнний час

fierce – лютий

sword – меч

spear – спис; дротик

priest – жрець

druid – друїд (кельтський жрець)

grove оf oak-trees – дубовий гай

tо fоretell – передбачати

prophet – пророк

II. Listen to the text “Primitive society on the territory of the British Isles” and try to understand it.

III. True/False statements:

1. The Celtic tribes оf the Britons wore woollen clothes while other Celts wore skins.

2. The Celts didn’t believe in life after death.

3. The Celtic tribes lived in villages.

IV. Answer the questions:

1. Who were the chiefs of the Celtic tribes?

2. What did druids teach the Celts?

Unit 6

Topic: Upbringing in Ancient World

TEXT A

I. Read and remember the following words and word-combinations:

autocracy – самодержавство

striving – прагнення

Athens – м. Афіни (Греція)

courageous – хоробрий

cruel – жорстокий

hardened – загартований

to stand – витримувати, терпіти

weapon – зброя

muscle – м’яз

to fail – зазнати невдачі

corporal punishment – тілесне покарання

to humiliate – принижувати

to aspire (to) – прагнути (чогось)

aesthetic development – естетичний розвиток

to treat – поводитися

summary – конспект, резюме

II. Read and translate the following text:

Upbringing in Ancient World

Ancient education has vividly expressed social features. Ideals in upbringing were heroes from Greek myths and legends. The ideals of autocracy, justice and striving for leadership were laid in the sense of upbringing in ancient times.

The most original system of education was in Sparta and in Athens.

Education in Sparta was of a military-physical one. Its main task was to bring up a courageous, healthy, hardened and physically developed soldier, who would defend aristocracy. Life conditions at schools were very hard and even cruel. So-called pupils had to stand hunger, cold and heat. They had elementary skills in reading and writing, based mostly on heroic poetry. They were taught to use weapons, to develop strength and muscles. Boys were taught to express their thoughts with arguments and in a short form, laconically (the word “laconic” came from the region in ancient Greece, Laconia). Sometimes masters or teachers used corporal punishment, if the pupils failed in one of the activities.

As you can see, Spartan system of education humiliated and hurt children. It improved and developed only their physical nature and beauty.

Education in ancient Athens was extremely different, it was fully individual. Athens aspired to a combination of the intellectual, moral, aesthetic and physical development. The task of education was a harmonically developed personality. They said: “Everything should be beautiful and perfect in a person”.

Children were brought up in families. Then boys went to school and girls got their education at home. Labour education did not exist that time because it was a duty of slaves.

In grammar schools they were taught to read, write and treat; in music schools they had the same subjects and also singing, playing different musical instruments. Teachers conducted classes; children were accompanied to school by their slaves-pedagogues.

Since 18-20 years boys mastered military craft. A bit later education became a social task: ancient curriculum, system of reading lectures and making summaries of them appeared, textbooks were created.

The system of education in ancient Athens consisted of different logical levels: elementary schools, gymnasiums and philosophical schools.

Greek school of that period was an example for medieval Europe, as that type of education was general but was not attached to a certain state system or social class.