History of computing

Definition of a computer - before 1935, a computer was a person who performed arithmetic calculations. Between 1935 and 1945 the definition referred to a machine, rather than a person. The modern machine definition is based on von Neumann's concepts: a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output.

We have gone from the vacuum tube to the transistor, to the microchip. Then the microchip started talking to the modem. Now we exchange text, sound, photos and movies in a digital environment.

Computing milestones and machine evolution started in 14th century with appearing.

Abacus - an instrument for performing calculations by sliding counters along rods or in grooves.

In the 17th century - slide rule was invented - it was a manual device used for calculation that consists in its simple form of a ruler and a movable middle piece which are graduated with similar logarithmic scales.

Mechanical calculator was built by Blaise Pascal, a 17th century mathematician, for whom the Pascal computer programming language was named. This mechanical calculator was called pasculine.

In 1804 - Jacquard loom was invented - it was a loom programmed with punched cards and was invented by Joseph Marine Jacquard

In 1850 - Difference Engine, Analytical Engine were invented Charles Babbage.

In 1940s - Colossus - a vacuum tube computing machine was designed and build broke Hitler's codes during WW2. It was instrumental in helping Turing break the German's codes during WW2 to turn the tide of the war. In the summer of 1939, a small group of scholars became codebreakers, working at Bletchley Part in England. This group of pioneering codebreakers helped shorten the war and changed the course of history.

In 1946 - ENIAC - World's first electronic, lerge scale, general-purpose computer, built by Mauchly and Eckert,and was activated at the Pennsylvania in 1946. ENIAC recreated on a modern computer chip. The ENIAC is a 30 ton machine that measured 50 x 30 feet. It contained 19,000 vacuum tubes, 6000 switches, and could add 5000 numbers in a second. A reprogrammable machine, the ENIAC performed initial calculations for the H-bomb. Since there was no software to reprogram the computer, people had to rewire it to get it to perform different functions.

1951-1959 - vacuum tube based technology. First commercial computers used vacuum tubes: Univac, IBM 701.

1950s- 1960s - UNIVAC - "punch card technology" The first commercially successful computer, introduced in 1951 by Remington Rand.

1960-1968 - transistor based technology. The transistor, invented in 1948. It almost completely replaced the vacuum tube because of its reduced cost, weight, and power consumption and its higher reliability.

1969 - The Internet began as a military computer network.

1969-1977 - integrated circuits (IC) based technology. The first integrated circuit was demonstrated in 1958.

1976 - CRAY 1 - The world's first electronic digital computer. A 75 MHz, 64-bit machine with a peak speed of 160 megaflops, the world's fastest processor at that time.

1976 - Apples/MACs - The Apple was designed. Apple was the first to have a "windows" type graphical interface and the computer mouse.

1990 - Tim Berners-Lee invented the networked hypertext system called the World Wide Web.

1992 - Bill Gates' Microsoft Corp. released Windows 3.1, an operating system that made IBM and IBM-compatible PCs.

Perm.

Perm is the largest city in the Prikamye area, the center of the Perm region. There are 6 state theatres in Perm. Perm is famous for its art gallery. There are many plants and factories in Perm, for example Motovilihenskij, Kam kabel and another.

The city is situated on the kama river. So, Perm city is an impotent river port.

Perm is surrounded by beautiful pine forest. The city is divided into seven districts: Lenenskii ... Perm is one big industrial, scientific and cultural centers in our country.

Perm was founded by Vasilii Tatishev in 1723.

At the end of the 18 century the most popular Perm product was salt. The workers carried this “white gold” in big sacks on their backs and their ears were covered with cult. That why Perm citizen are called “permyak- salty ears”.

Many famous people lived and worked in our city such as Bazhov, Mamin-Sibiryak. The inventor of the radio Popov. The inventor Slavyanov. The painter Vereshagin , the noted propagandist of Russian Art and maecenas Diaghilev and other.

The city is an industrial center of the Urals. The are about 80 plants and factories in Perm.

Perm is also scientific and educational centre. Young people can get higher education in 7 higher education establishment: PSU, PSTU, PMA, ACA, PA, PU, IAC. In Perm there are 20 specialized secondary education establishment and about 130 secondary schools.

Пермь.

Пермь - наибольший город в Prikamyeобласти, центр Пермской области{региона}. Есть 6 государственных театров в Перми. Пермь известна ее художественной галереей. Есть много предприятий и фабрик в Перми, напримерMotovilihenskij,Kamkabelи другом.

Город расположен на реке Камы. Так, Пермский город - бессильный речной порт.

Пермь окружена красивым сосновым лесом. Город разделен на семь районов: Lenenskii... Пермь - один большие индустриальные, научные и культурные центры в нашей стране.

Пермь была основана VasiliiTatishevв 1723.

В конце 18-ого столетия самым популярным Пермским изделием{программой} была соль. Рабочие несли это “белое золото” в больших мешках на их задних частях, и их уши были закрыты{охвачены} культом. Это, почему Пермского гражданина называют “permyak-солеными ушами”.

Много известных людей жили и работали в нашем городе типа Бажова, Mamin-Sibiryak. Изобретатель радио Попов. Изобретатель Славьянов. Живописец Верешаджин, отмеченный пропагандист Русского Арта и мецената Диагилева и другого.

Город - индустриальный центр Урала. - приблизительно 80 предприятий и фабрики в Перми.

Пермь - также научный и образовательный центр. Молодые люди могут получить высшее образование в 7 учреждениях{влиятельных кругах} высшего образования: блок питания, PSTU,PMA,ACA, Пенсильвания,PU,IAC. В Перми есть 20 специализированных учреждений{влиятельных кругов} среднего образования и приблизительно 130 средних школ.

PSTU

Perm State Technical University is one of the largest technical higher educational institutions in Russia.

The University consists of 10 faculties including aerospace, electrical engineering, civil engineering, mechanico-technological, mining (майнин) and oil, chemico-technological, automobile (отомобил) and road-building faculties, the faculties of social sciences, physics and mathematics and pre-University training.

University has branch in Berezniki, Lysva and Tchaikovsky.

Thousands highly-qualified engineeres of 44 specialties are trained at the University.

About 2 thousands teachers work at 80 University departments.

Highly skilled University personnel introduces advanced forms and methods of teaching.

PSTU has excellent facilities. There are 17 buildings with well-equipped laboratories and lecture halls - 10 of them are located in the pine woods on the right bank of the Kama river. There are 8 hostels, 3 canteens, a Kindergarten, sports facilities for skiing and rowing, a yacht-club (ёт клаб), a summer camp "Polytechnic".

PSTU is open for cooperation

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PSTU

Пермский Государственный Технический Университет - один из наибольших технических институтов в России.

Университет состоит из 10 факультетов{способностей}, включая космос, электрическую разработку, гражданское строительство, mechanico-технологическое, горная промышленность (майнин) и нефть{масло}, chemico-технологическая, автомобильная (отомобил) и дорожные факультеты{способности}, факультеты{способности} социальных наук, физики и математики и предуниверситетского обучения.

Университет имеет переход{отрасль} в Березниках, LysvaиTchaikovsky.

Тысячи высоко-квалифицированных инженеров 44 особенностей обучены в Университете.

Приблизительно 2 тысячи преподавателей работают над 80 Университетскими отделами.

Высококвалифицированный Университетский персонал вводит расширенные формы и методы преподать.

PSTUимеет превосходные средства. Есть 17 формирований с хорошо-оборудованными лабораториями и лекционными залами - 10 из них расположены в сосновом лесу на правом банке реки Камы. Есть 8 общежитий, 3 столовые, Детский сад, спортивные средства для лыжного спорта и укрупнения, клуб яхты (ёт клаб), летний "Политехнический" лагерь.

PSTU является открытым для сотрудничества