Turing

A M T was one of the great investigators of the computer field. Pioneer in developing computer logic as we know it today. One of the first to approach the topic of artificial intelligence. He applied the concept of the algorithm to digital computers. This idea lies at the heart of every computer program for any type of digital computer.

A T was born in London on June 23, 1912 and died on 7 June 1954. He began his career as a mathematician at King's College, Cambridge University in 1931. During this time he explored what was later called the "Turing Machine".

The Turing Mechine that he envisioned is essentially the same as today's multi-purpose computers. He described a machine that would read a series of ones and zeros from a tape. These ones and zeros described the steps that needed to be done to solve a particular problem or perform a certain task. The Turing Machine would read each of the steps and perform them in sequence, resulting in the proper answer.

This concept was revolutionary for the time. The method of instructing the computer was very important in Turing's concept. Making the computer perform a particular task was simply a matter of breaking the job down into a series of these simple instructions. This is identical to the process programmers go through today.

During World War II, Turing used his knowledge in the Department of Communicatios in Great Britain. During this time Turing and his fellow scientists worked with a device called COLOSSUS. It was one of the first steps toward the digital computer. The COLOSSUS quickly and efficiently deciphered the German codes created by the Enigma (it's a type of computer which was able to generate a constantly changing code).

After World War II Turing went on to work for the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) and continued his research into digital computers. Here he worked on developing the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE), one of the first attempts at creating a true digital computer.

It was during this time that he began to explore the relationship between computers and nature. He wrote a paper called "Intelligent Machinery". This was one of the first times the concept of artificial intelligence was raised.

Turing believed that machines could be created that would mimic the processes of the human brain. He discussed the possibility of such machines, acknowledging the difficulty people would have accepting a machine that would rival their own intelligence. In his mind, there was nothing the brain could do that a well designed computer could not. As part of his argument, Turing described devices already in existence that worked like parts of the human body, such as television cameras and microphones.

Turing believed that machines would be created that could the human mind. Turing worked toward this end by creating algorithms and programs for the MADAM (the Manchester Automatic Digital Machine).

One major aspect of Turing's life that often goes unnoticed is his work in biology. He had written a number of papers.

Turing used a very precise mathematical approach to the problem. His goal was to merge already established biological theory with mathematics and computers to create his intelligent, multi-purpose machine. He saw the development of biological forms as nothing more than a simple set of steps, an algorithm. This matched the basic concept of his "Turing Machine".

Ask in the way

• Excuse me….. Hello! I want to get to the “Central Hotel”. Can you help me?

• Hello! Yes I can. First, you must go to the bus stop. It’s located near with exit of railway station.

• You mean I must go straight?

• Yes go straight to the bus stop. Then you must take the number 68 bus.

• Ok, but I haven’t Russian money…. How much is the fare?

• Don’t worry. This is not problem. I help you and give you some money. It’s enough for fare.

• Oh, thank you, you very kind.

• You are welcome. Take 68 bus and go 4 stops and get off the 5^th stop.

• I’m understood. Where should I go next?

• Turn right, then go straight to crossroad. Turn left on crossroad and cross the street. You will see tram stop. Take the number 8 tram and get off at the next stop. Besides you can see many buildings, which has great historical value, This may be very interesting for you.

• Ok! This is very interesting info for me.

• When you stand at the train stop, turn right and then you will see title “Central Hotel”. This is you finish.

• Oh. Thank you sir.

• Good bye. I’m happy practical on my English.

Benjamin Franklin

BF was the first man of science and well-known in the fields of electricity, general physics, meteorology and others. His principal achievement was the formulation of widely used theory of general electrical “action”. He advanced the concept of a single, was responsible for the principle of conservation of charge, analyzed the distribution of charges in the Leaden jar. He introduced into the scientific language such technical words as “plus”, “minus”, “positive”, “negative”, “charge”, “battery”. By experiment he shoved that the lighting discharge is an electrical phenomenon and invention of the lighting rod.

He won a high place in 1757: he was a fellow of the Royal society, he was conferred the Copley Medal honorary degrees Harvard and others. His book on electricity was published in England and France and very popular. F was largely self-taught in science but this does not mean that he was uneducated. F is well-known with this invention of: rocking chain, bifocal glasses, the idea of summer time and others.

Discoveries led F to the concept that the “electrical fire” is real element not created by the friction but collected only .In short since one or more bodies must gain the “ electrical fire” that a given body loses ’plus’ and ‘minus’ charges or states of electrification mast-occur in equal amounts. This quantitative principle is known today as the low of conservation of charge.

F. was known as statement and public figure too. He was one of the 3 authors of the Declaration of Independence.

Бенджамин Фрэнклин

B.F. был первым человеке(мужчине) науки и известный в областях(полях) электричества, общей физики, метеорологии и других. Его основное достижение было формулировкой широко используемой теории общего электрического "действия". Он продвинул понятие(концепцию) единственных(отдельных), был ответственен за принцип сохранения нагрузки(обвинения), анализировал распределение обвинений в Свинцовой фляге. Он вводил в научный язык такие технические слова как "плюс", "минус", "положительный", "отрицательный", "нагрузку(обвинение)", "батарею". Экспериментом он пихал это, разгрузка освещения - электрическое явление и изобретение прута освещения.

Он выиграл высокое место в 1757: он был человеком Королевского общества, он был присужден CopleyМедаль почетные степени(градусы) Гарвард и другие. Его книга по электричеству была издана в Англии и Франции и очень популярный. F в значительной степени самопреподавался в науке, но это не подразумевает, что он был необразован. F известен с этим изобретением: качая цепь, бифокальные стаканы(стекла), идея относительно летнего времени и других.

Открытия вели F к понятию(концепции), что “электрический огонь(пожар)” является реальным элементом, не созданным трением, но собрался только .Inкороткий, так как одно или более тел(органов) должны получить “ электрический огонь(пожар)”, который данное тело(орган) теряет 'плюс' и 'минус' обвинения, или государства электрификации происходят мачтой в равных количествах. Этот количественный принцип известен сегодня как низкий из сохранения нагрузки(обвинения)

F. был известен как утверждение(заявление) и общественная фигура(число) также. Он был одним из 3 авторов Декларации Независимости