Unit 3 Text a

Iron and Steel Manufacture

Iron and Steel Manufacture is a technology related to the production of iron and its alloys, particularly those containing a small percentage of carbon. The differences between the various types of iron and steel are sometimes confusing because of the nomenclature used. Steel in general is an alloy of iron and carbon, often with an admixture of other elements. Some alloys that are commercially called iron contain more carbon than commercial steels. Open-hearth iron and wrought iron contain only a few hundredths of 1 percent of carbon. Steels of various types contain from 0.04 percent to 2.25 percent of carbon. Cast iron, malleable cast iron, and pig iron contain amounts of carbon varying from 2 to 4 percent. A special form of malleable iron, containing virtually no carbon, is known as white-heart malleable iron. A special group of iron alloys, known as ferroalloys, is used in the manufacture of iron and steel alloys; they contain from 20 to 80 percent of an alloying element, such as manganese, silicon, or chromium.

Exercise 1

Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What technology is used in the production of iron and its alloys?

2. What is the main element which influences the difference between the various types of iron and steel?

3. What materials are used in production of steel?

4. How do we call an alloy of iron and carbon?

5. What is the difference between commercial steels and iron?

6. What is the average content of a carbon in different types of steel?

7. What metallic materials contain carbonwithin the range of 2 to 4 percent?

8. What is the content of a carbon in white-heart malleable iron?

9. What special group of iron alloys is used in the manufacture of iron and steel alloys?

Exercise 2

Заполните пропуски недостающими по смыслу словами, используя текст:

1. Iron and Steel Manufacture is a technology used in the production of … and its alloys.

2. Various types of iron and steel are sometimes confusing because of the … used.

3. Steel is an alloy of… …, with an admixture of… .

4. Some alloys that are commercially called iron contain more … than commercial … .

5. Open-hearth iron contain only a few hundredths of 1 percent of … .

6. Steels of various types contain from 0.04 percent to 2.25 percent of … .

7. Pig iron contain amounts of … varying from 2 to 4 percent.

8. Iron, containing virtually no carbon, is known as … .

9. Ferroalloys are used in the manufacture steel … .

Exercise 3

Соответствуют ли данные предложения содержанию текста:

1. Iron and Steel Manufacture is a production of iron and its alloys.

2. Iron and Steel Manufacture is a production of alloys containing large percentage of carbon.

3. The differences between the various types of iron and steel depend on the country they are produced in.

4. Pig iron in general is an alloy of ferroalloys and carbon, often with an admixture coal and gas.

5. Some alloys that are commercially called commercial steels contain more carbon than iron.

6. Open-hearth iron and wrought iron contain from 1 to 4 percent of carbon.

7. Steels of various types contain from 2 percent to 4 percent of carbon.

8. Cast iron and pig iron contain amounts of carbon varying from 0,4 to 2,22 percent.

9. Ferroalloys are used in the manufacture of iron and steel alloys.

10. Ferroalloys contain from 20 to 80 percent of an alloying element, such as manganese, silicon, or chromium

Exercise 4

Используя текст, составьте высказывания с данными словами и выражениями:

Iron and steel - production of iron – alloy – carbon - admixture of elements - commercial steel - open-hearth iron - wrought iron - cast iron - pig iron – ferroalloy - alloying element – manganese – silicon - chromium.

Exercise 5

Кратко передайте содержание каждого абзаца.

Exercise 6

Выделите пять основных идей текста.

Exercise 7

Составьте предложения, используя данные выражения:

• Iron and Steel technology; computing technology; advanced technology; power production technology.

• Alloy; casting alloy (литейный сплав); hard facing alloy (твердый сплав); non-ferrous alloy (сплав цветных металлов); alloyage (легирование); alloyed (легированный); alloying (легирующий,легирование).

• Pig iron (чугун в чушках); open-heath iron (мартеновский чугун); foundry iron (литейный чугун);common iron (обыкновенный переплавленный чугун); malleable cast iron (ковкий чугун); wrought iron (пудлинговое железо).

Exercise 8

Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения:

1. Iron and Steel Manufacture technology is highly developed in Russia.

2. Iron and steel factories are engaged in the production of steel and its alloys.

3. The quality of steel produced depends on the content of carbon in it.

4. The less the carbon content in iron the better is the quality of steel.

5. Production of iron and its alloys at Iron and Steel mills require huge amounts of power.

6. High quality steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with an admixture of ferroalloys.

7. Commercial steels contain less carbon and more admixtures of ferroalloys such as: ferromanganese, ferrosilicon and others.

8. Tool steels contain up to 0, 05 % of carbon.

9. Alloying elements of ferroalloys are: manganese, silicon, or chromium.

Exercise 9

Переведите на английский язык:

1. Сталь это сплав чугуна и углерода с примесью других элементов.

2. Чугун, произведенный в мартеновской печи, содержит очень небольшой процент углерода.

3. Углерод практически отсутствует в закаленном ковком чугуне,

4. Ферросплавы используются в производстве сплавов чугуна и стали.

5. Ферромарганец - это сплав стали и марганца.

6. Содержание легирующих элементов, таких как кремний, марганец и хром, в сплавах стали составляет от 20 до 80 процентов.

7. Металлургическое производство – это технология, связанная с производством чугуна, стали и их сплавов.

Exercise 10

Текст на самостоятельный перевод:

History of Iron production

The exact date at which people discovered the technique of smelting iron ore to produce usable metal is not known. The earliest iron implements discovered by archaeologists in Egypt date from about 3000 BC, and iron ornaments were used even earlier; the comparatively advanced technique of hardening iron weapons by heat treatment was known to the Greeks about 1000 BC.

The alloys produced by early iron workers, and, indeed, all the iron alloys made until about the 14th century AD, would be classified today as wrought iron. They were made by heating a mass of iron ore and charcoal in a forge or furnace having a forced draft. Under this treatment the ore was reduced to the sponge of metallic iron filled with a slag composed of metallic impurities and charcoal ash. This sponge of iron was removed from the furnace while still incandescent and beaten with heavy sledges to drive out the slag and to weld and consolidate the iron. The iron produced under these conditions usually contained about 3 percent of slag particles and 0.1 percent of other impurities. Occasionally this technique of iron making produced, by accident, a true steel rather than wrought iron. Ironworkers learned to make steel by heating wrought iron and charcoal in clay boxes for a period of several days. By this process the iron absorbed enough carbon to become a true steel.

After the 14th century the furnaces used in smelting were increased in size, and increased draft was used to force the combustion gases through the “charge,” the mixture of raw materials. In these larger furnaces, the iron ore in the upper part of the furnace was first reduced to metallic iron and then took on more carbon as a result of the gases forced through it by the blast. The product of these furnaces was pig iron, an alloy that melts at a lower temperature than steel or wrought iron. Pig iron (so called because it was usually cast in stubby, round ingots known as pigs) was then further refined to make steel.

Modern steelmaking employs blast furnaces that are merely refinements of the furnaces used by the old ironworkers. The process of refining molten iron with blasts of air was accomplished by the British inventor Sir Henry Bessemer who developed the Bessemer furnace, or converter, in 1855. Since the 1960s, several so-called minimills have been producing steel from scrap metal in electric furnaces. Such mills are an important component of total U.S. steel production. The giant steel mills remain essential for the production of steel from iron ore.