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Social autostereotypes are equally represented in the both discourses by social groups (in Russian: bydlo, gopniki, road policemen, teachers, ordinary people; in American: politicians, stars, policemen, Afro-Americans, students, ordinary people) and by cultural images (in Russian these are mainly fairy-tale images: three bogatyrs, Mikhail Potapich, Kolobok, Yemelya; in American – by more modern images from history, literature, cinema: Abraham Lincoln, Dracula, cops, Langley special agents). As for the heterostereotypes, the Russian discourse abounds in names of different nationalities: people from the Caucasus region and former USSR – Abkhaz, Dagestan, Georgians, Armenian, Uzbekistan, Ukrainian, Romanian; people from more distant countries – Chinese, Americans, Hindu. As for the American discourse, only two out-group nationalities were mentioned – Colombian and Mexican.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 17

 

Modern informational context and the image of trickster

 

 

in Russian and American mass media discourse

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

#

Type

of

Comedy Club

 

Saturday Night Live

 

invective

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.

Physical

 

Камбала, морской конек,

Unicorn

 

 

 

deficiencies

 

мухи,

оса,

скорпион,

Bear, monkey

 

 

 

 

скунс, жаба, голубь, крот

ID

 

 

 

 

 

Рекламное объявление

James

Franco,

Hillary

 

 

 

Сотовый

 

телефон,

Clinton,

Joe Biden,

Dennis

 

 

 

жидкокристаллический

Kucinich

 

 

 

 

 

экран, рубильник

 

Plugs

 

 

 

 

 

Рембо

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Сумоист

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Дагестан,

 

Япония,

 

 

 

 

 

 

Волжская ГРЭС, Мытищи,

 

 

 

 

 

 

Москва

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Быдло

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Окулист

 

 

 

 

 

2.

Intellectual

 

Интеллектуальная

Donald Duck

 

 

deficiencies

 

викторина,

“Угадай

Audubon

 

 

 

 

мелодию”

 

Michael

Phelps,

Barack

 

 

 

Первооткрыватель

Obama,

Osama bin

Laden,

 

 

 

Америки

 

 

Charles

Barkley,

George

 

 

 

Быдло

 

 

Bush, Hillary Clinton, Sarah

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“Puma” (sportswear)

Palin,

John

McCain,

Pac

 

 

“Я спросил у ясеня”

Man

Jones,

Ludacris,

 

 

Президент США

Michael

Vick,

Marion

 

 

Шолохов,

 

Berry,

Al

Sharpton,

O.J.

 

 

Сызрань, Мытищи, Ростов,

Simpson, ex-Detroit mayor

 

 

Москва, 51 штат, 86

Kwame

Kilpatrick, Chuck

 

 

субъектов РФ, Россия

Berry, Mohamed Atta

 

 

 

Группа “Мумий Тролль”,

Predator

 

 

 

 

 

 

“Гости из будущего”

Las Vegas

 

 

 

 

 

IQ, шахматы, дзюдо

Priceline

 

 

 

 

 

 

Медуза, гуманоид, козерог

Olympics

 

 

 

 

 

 

Смс

 

Senator

 

 

 

 

 

 

Российская сборная

8-track, tape spools, digital

 

 

Черчение

 

recording, satellite

 

 

 

 

Фашист

 

Global warming

 

 

3.

Age

Михаил Потапыч

8-track

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Артур Чип

 

Barack

 

Obama,

 

Mike

 

 

Лелек и Болек

Gravel,

LeBron

James,

 

 

Польша

 

Oprah

 

Winfrey,

 

John

 

 

Лина Арифулина

Travolta, Julia Roberts

 

 

 

Яна Чурикова

Dungeons and Dragons

 

 

 

Островский,

Цветаева,

Level 8 Dungeon Master

 

 

Кюхельбекер

Pet

store,

house

(in

 

 

 

 

basketball)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unicorn

 

 

 

 

4.

Social status

Директор завода

Las Vegas, North American

 

 

“Бумер”,

“Бригада”,

wilderness

 

 

 

 

 

“Аншлаг”

 

President elections

 

 

 

 

БМВ

 

Hillary

 

Clinton,

 

John

 

 

Якубович

 

McCain,

Barack

Obama,

 

 

Paramount

Pictures, Real

Sarah

Palin,

George

Bush,

 

 

Studios

 

Lincoln Chafey

 

 

 

 

Эпос

 

Senator, Governor

 

 

 

 

Носорог

 

Olympic

arena,

Rhode

 

 

Белоруссия,

Германия,

Island, the White House

 

 

Москва, Саратов, Париж,

Christopher

 

Walken,

 

 

Милан,

Сызрань,

Michael

Phelps,

James

 

 

Амазонка, Волго-вятский

Franco, Dakota Fanning

 

 

район, Бразилия, Буэнос-

Six Flags, Langley

 

 

 

 

Айрес, Китай, Бурятия,

NBC, NBC's Fall schedule

 

 

Корея, Сибирь, Ярославль

Lord Jesus Christ

 

 

 

 

Система Станиславского

meth lab kit

 

 

 

 

 

Гольф-клуб, топ-модель,

Columbia

 

University,

 

 

мобильная связь, chill-out,

cafeteria, hotplates, campus,

 

 

латекс

 

Livingston Hall

 

 

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“Жигулев”,

 

“ВАЗ”,

A capella

 

 

 

 

“Старый мельник”, “Dolce

007, Langley

 

 

 

 

& Gabanna”,

“Мегафон”,

Six Flags

 

 

 

 

“Би-Лайн”

 

 

 

 

Nose-plug

 

 

 

 

Гришковец,

“Мумий

Approval rating, sexism

 

 

Тролль”,

“Гости

из

Russia

 

 

 

 

 

будущего”,

Александр

Barbed wire, bomb shelter

 

 

Серов, Роман Абрамович,

Dog sled, pageant sash, Tina

 

 

“Шинник”,

Гричевский,

Fey glasses, dinosaurs

 

 

Наташа

 

Королева,

Kid Choice Award for Best

 

 

Дженнифер Лопез

 

 

TV show, “Drake and Josh”

 

 

Акробат

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.

Animal

Свинья,

петух,

 

ягуар,

Unicorns,

 

Balrogs,

 

nature

верблюд,

воробей,

 

петух,

elementals,

 

Pegasi,

 

 

йоркширский

 

терьер,

Gryphons,

Halflings,

 

 

болонка,

 

утконос,

Chimeras, Banshees

 

 

 

уссурийский тигр, хомяк,

Augurations

 

 

 

 

синица, журавль

 

 

Arctic tundra,

Las

Vegas,

 

 

Колобок, Михаил Потапыч

North American wilderness

 

 

Местные власти

 

 

Birds, bees

 

 

 

 

Модель

 

 

 

 

Professor

 

 

 

 

Американцы, абхаз

 

 

Donald

Trump,

Rodney

 

 

Голосовой сигнал, вызов

Dangerfield, St. Peter

 

 

“Ягуар” (a car brand)

 

NBC Peacock

 

 

 

 

Трудовик, физрук

 

 

 

 

 

 

6.

Deviant

Емеля, Болек и Лелек

Sliding glass doors

 

 

behavior and

Силикон, магнитола, косяк

Smoking guns, laser

 

 

faults

Селедка,

жабры,

очковая

James Franco, Kanye West,

 

 

кобра, гадюка, медведь,

LeBron

James,

Hillary

 

 

комары,

 

гвоздики,

Clinton,

John

 

McCain,

 

 

помидоры

 

 

 

 

George

Bush,

Bob

 

 

Утренняя

 

передача,

Woodward, John Edwards,

 

 

рекламное объявление

O.J. Simpson and his book

 

 

“Централ”,

 

гитара,

“If I Did It”

 

 

 

 

телефонная будка, лифт,

New York, Germaine

 

 

умывальник,

 

кнопка

President

of

the

United

 

 

“смыв”, ершик, детский

States, Senator,

the United

 

 

сад, паровоз, багажник,

Nations

Secretary

General,

 

 

тысяча рублей

 

 

 

the Pope

 

 

 

 

 

МТС

 

 

 

 

Republican

 

 

 

 

Волга, Владивосток

 

UPS,

European

Music

 

 

Паустовский,

 

 

Репин,

Awards, VMA, Nikolodeon,

 

 

Васнецов, Ленин, Евгений

Kid’s Choice Award, The

 

 

Гришковец,

 

Наташа

Nobel Peace Prize, Speedo

 

 

Королева,

“Маски-шоу”,

To leak

 

 

 

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группа “Мумий Тролль”

Ambulance, bomb shelter

 

 

Танцпол, ЛСД, “Жигули”,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

тюменский

аэропорт

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

“Рощино”

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Специальный

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

корреспондент,

 

еврей,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

октябренок, фигуристка

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Футбол, фигурное катание

 

 

 

 

 

7.

Destructive

Щука, рак, скат,

пчелы,

Donald Duck

 

 

 

 

nature

очковая

кобра,

скорпион,

Falcon, deer, buck, buckskin

 

 

муха це-це, лошадь, жаба,

Necromancy

 

 

 

 

 

коты

 

 

 

Cop drama

 

 

 

 

 

Якубович

 

 

Pepper, hairspray, lead pipe,

 

 

Печенеги,

 

хазары,

fan

 

 

 

 

 

 

опричнина, бояре,

 

“Lost”

 

 

 

 

 

 

Сажать на кол, харакири,

Michael

Phelps,

Martin

 

 

самбо, бейсбол, езда с

Scorsese,

O.

J.

Simpson,

 

 

препятствиями,

 

бокс,

Chris

Dodd,

Senator

 

 

шахматист, баскетболист

Williams

 

 

 

 

 

 

Россия, Петергоф, Москва,

Yankee

Stadium,

Empire

 

 

Мавзолей Ленина

 

State Building

 

 

 

 

Группа “Экс-ББ”,

 

Satellite,

 

laser,

world

 

 

Гумилев,

Островский,

financial market, UPS

 

 

Цветаева

 

 

 

Taliban, Geneva Convention

 

 

Кеды, логотип, пистолет

Torture, bully, killer

 

 

ТТ,

 

“Автоваз”,

New Orleans

 

 

 

 

 

Макдоналдс

 

 

Democratic

candidates for

 

 

Галечный пляж в Сочи,

president

 

 

 

 

 

 

палатка, дрова

 

 

Coma, kidney

 

 

 

 

Грушинский фестиваль

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Монголия

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

8.

Unusual

Щука, хек, оса, жаба

To cross

(about animals),

 

sexual likes

Передача,

концерт,

goldfish

 

 

 

 

 

 

романтический фильм

James

Franco,

Barack

 

 

“Я спросил у ясеня”

Obama,

Sarah

Palin,

 

 

Оренбург

 

 

Hillary Clinton

 

 

 

 

Левитан,

 

Александр

Campus tour guide

 

 

 

Серов, Майкл Джексон,

Google, Photoshop

 

 

 

группа

 

“Премьер-

Pedophiles

 

 

 

 

 

министр”,

Земфира,

Wedlock

 

 

 

 

 

 

группа

“Гости

из

Global warming

 

 

 

будущего”

 

 

Bikini

 

 

 

 

 

 

Три богатыря, Добрыня

Reporters,

commentators,

 

 

Сумоист,

 

трудовик,

ED specialists

 

 

 

 

физрук

 

 

 

Erection,

to

go

into labor,

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Гомосек,

нимфоманка,

VD, penicillin

 

 

 

 

 

 

оргазм,

надувная

Honda Odyssey

 

 

 

 

 

женщина

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Дагестан,

Аджария,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Румыния

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

МГУ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Камасутра

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Баня

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Рентген

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9.

Strange

food

Черви, слон

 

Unicorns, geese

 

 

 

preferences

Дагестан, Украина

Donut, soda, lamb, pumpkin

 

 

 

Сумоист, корреспондент

ravioli, pasta, pig in a

 

 

 

Евгений

Гришковец,

blanket,

pasta

Alfredo,

 

 

 

Виктор Салтыков

alphabet

soup,

cheese,

pork

 

 

 

All-inclusive,

узбекская

butt,

piñata,

corned

beef

 

 

 

кухня, хачапури, сосиски,

hash, wedding cake, bacon-

 

 

 

колбаса, березовый сок,

wrapped

sausage,

buttered

 

 

 

водка, кофе, голубцы, сало

wrapped

meatball,

 

toast,

 

 

 

ЛСД

 

coconut

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Железо

 

Baseball bat, ball

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Michael

Phelps,

 

Paris

 

 

 

 

 

Hilton, Nicole Ritchie

 

 

 

 

 

 

Synthetic testosterone, seven

 

 

 

 

 

psychoactive drugs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Car freshener

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

To burp

 

 

 

 

10.

Origin

and

Иван Грозный, купец

American flag

 

 

 

 

family

 

Тополь, ясень

Team captain

 

 

 

 

connections

Алабама, Индиана, Чикаго,

Michael

Phelps,

Debbie

 

 

 

Неаполис,

Вашингтон,

Phelps,

Bill

Richardson,

 

 

 

США

 

Kobe

Bryant,

Condoleeza

 

 

 

Президент, первая леди

Rice

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Армянин, китаец, индиец,

Zorbanos, Hexadron Galaxy

 

 

 

русский, еврей

Reggae, weed

 

 

 

 

 

 

Украина, Россия

Service,

Galatians

 

4:22,

 

 

 

Гарик Мартиросян

Abraham

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Нонна Мордюкова

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Спорткомитет

 

 

 

 

 

 

The modern informational context equally abounds in realia in the both discourses. In SNL it is common to give real names of politicians, stars, famous sportsmen and place them openly in the context of an invective. On the other hand, the SNL performers’ names are not mentioned in the studied texts (but for the

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cases, when a star guest performs). In Comedy Club we have not found any names of politicians. Names of show-business stars and comedians are quite common.

The geographical realia are connected with the country, where the show is produced (Россия, Москва, Петербург, USA, New York, New Jersey), and distant places – existing (Дагестан, Китай, Russia) or imagined (Hexadron Galaxy)62. In Comedy Club there is also a considerable group of geographical realia, connected with stereotyped out-groups (USA, Belarus, Dagestan, etc.); in SNL these out-groups are represented only by two realia – Colombian and Mexican.

Cultural realia bear semantics of names of actual people (Наташа Королева, Michael Phelps), products (Жигули, Старый мельник, Google, Photoshop), names of food (хачапури, ravioli), names of books, songs, etc. (Камасутра, Я

спросил у ясеня, If I did it), social institutes and symbols (спорткомитет, American flag), positions and professions (президент, сумоист, Senator, team captain), events (Грушинский фестиваль, European Music Awards). Historical realia present a smaller row, but with a similar semantics: names of people and fiction characters (Добрыня, Abraham Lincoln), names of books (эпос, Galatians), positions and professions (бояре, necromancy).

Speaking about this level in general, it seems obvious, that the American informational context is more open for the bearers of different cultures, as the realia, mentioned in the studied cases, are either world-known (bikini, testosterone, Galatians), even if they are native (e.g. Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, Google, Photoshop, American flag), or borrowed from other cultures (pasta, ravioli, unicorn). Comedy Club, on the other hand, often appeals to the context, known to the Russian audience (pop-star singers and groups: Земфира, Наташа Королева, “Мумий Тролль”; Russian epics and fairy tales: Колобок, три богатыря; Russian social groups and professions of low status: bydlo, gopniki, teachers of PE and crafts, etc.). There are no names of world-famous Russian politicians (except Lenin

62 It is interesting to note, that the USA is quite often mentioned in the performances by Comedy Club, when in SNL Russia is mentioned only once. This may reflect the direction of copying process, the Russian show being created after the American.

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and Ivan the Terrible), musicians, scientists; very few artists (Repin, Vasnetsov, Levitan) and writers (Sholokhov), known abroad. There is only one name, that is of interest in the modern world informational exchange – Roman Abramovich.

COROLLARIES

The analysis shows that in comedy TV-shows the content of invective is often based on the created images of freaks, losers, and cheaters. These images are based on the archetype of trickster and are aimed to put a blame on the hearer for bearing trickster features. There are also some stereotyped groups, that become bearers of a certain number of these features: in SNL politicians cheat on their candidates and voter, stars cheat on their fans (in advertisements, interviews, everyday life situations); in Comedy Club sportsmen are extremely stupid and violent, teachers are geeks, policemen always want bribes.

The communicative strategies are conditioned by the fact that a verbal fight is always unwanted and it starts, only because the conditions make it impossible not to start fighting. In the comedy TV-shows this situation is created with the help of a third party – guests that expect someone (a comedian) to make them laugh.

The illocution in the act of invective-derision is built on a blame of the object of invective, who is accused of breaking social norms. These accusations are typical and form semantic groups, although it is quite common that several semantic groups cross within one name. It is also characteristic of comedy TVshows, that the speaker does not take on the role of cultural hero, but also bears features of trickster.

On the level of perlocution the hearer (or the object of invective) is ascribed a status of a lower kind, than he or she is known to have in reality. The effect of this process is a competition – a verbal fight. In a stand-up show the comedian can be ridiculed by the guests, although in Comedy Club such improvisations are quite rare. A sketch show, like Saturday Night Live, does not allow so much improvising which makes this competition more virtual. The illusion of competition depends on the manipulative skills of the comedians as well as on the producing crew.

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The pragmatic analysis of the invective names, found in the two shows, helps to elucidate differences in the discourse of the two shows. For Comedy Club it is important to underline that the object of invective has an improper conduct, that affects his or her sexual life and social image, or brings harm to the people and property around. SNL puts more emphasis on the social status and intellectuality of the object, although the destructive nature is also important. The two shows appeal to different social and national stereotypes. Comedy Club demonstrates a fondness for inner cultural realia, like fairy-tale images, names and quotations, known only in Russia. SNL has a more international character, using world-known realia. Some stereotyped groups in Russian discourse are also characteristic only of the Russian society: bydlo, gopniki, teachers of PE and crafts, road policemen, whence stereotypes, mentioned in SNL, have been already made world-known with the help of mass media (e.g. politicians, stars, cops, special agents, etc.).

The humorous hostility of the speaker towards the object of invective also has a different grounding. In SNL it is realized via intentions to cheat on the rival, be it a housewife, hiding from the police, or a politician, who wants to win in the election race. Comedy Club often interprets this humorous conflict as physical and even sexual. Thus, the American discourse has a satirical lining, aimed to unmask social vices; the Russian discourse is closer to the folklore culture where “physical” humor has a compensatory effect on social taboos.

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PRIMARY SOURCES

“The Apprentice” Promo, season 30, episode 3, 23.10.2004. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/04/04ctrump.phtml

106 and Park, season 33, episode 1, 29.09.2007. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/07/07a106park.phtml

A Non-Partisan Message From Sarah Palin & Hillary Clinton, season 34, episode 1, 13.09.2008. – http://snltranscripts.jt.org/08/08a.phtml

Agent 420, season 34, episode 2, 20.09.2008. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/08/08bagent.phtml

An Address from the All-But-Certain-To-Be Next President, season 33, episode 1, 29.09.2007. – http://snltranscripts.jt.org/07/07aclinton.phtml

Angry Dog, season 33, episode 1, 29.09.2007. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/07/07adog.phtml

Cheapkids.net, season 30, episode 11, 05.02.2005. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/04/04kcheapkids.phtml

Christopher Walken’s Monologue, season 33, episode 8, 05.04.2008. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/07/07imono.phtml

Dangerfield Tribute, season 30, episode 2, 09.10.2004. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/04/04bdangerfield.phtml

DiCicco Brothers Unicornery, season 31, episode 14, 11.03.2006 http://snltranscripts.jt.org/05/05nunicorns.phtml

Dyson Toilet, season 30, episode 3, 23.10.2004. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/04/04cdyson.phtml

Excedrin, season 30, episode 2, 09.10.2004. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/04/04bexcedrin.phtml

Exclusive Connections, season 30, episode 11, 05.02.2005. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/04/04kexclusive.phtml

James Franco’s Monologue, season 34, episode 2, 20.09.2008 http://snltranscripts.jt.org/08/08bmono.phtml

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Jar Glove, season 34, episode 1, 13.09.2008. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/08/08ajar.phtml

Locker Room Motivation, season 34, episode 1, 13.09.2008. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/08/08alocker.phtml

McCain Approves, season 34, episode 2, 20.09.2008. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/08/08bmccain.phtml

Merv, the Perv, season 30, episode 11, 05.02.2005. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/04/04kmerv.html

Michael Phelps’ Monologue, season 34, episode 1, 13.09.2008. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/08/08amono.phtml

O. J. Simpson Jury Selection, season 34, episode 2, 20.09.2008. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/08/08boj.phtml

Oprah, season 30, episode 15, 19.03.2005. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/04/04ooprah.phtml

Paris Hilton Apologizes, season 30, episode 3, 23.10.2004. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/04/04chilton.phtml

Pizzeria Uno, season 34, episode 1, 13.09.2008. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/08/08aunos.phtml

Read to Achieve, season 33, episode 1, 29.09.2008. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/07/07aread.phtml

Richard Eckstrom for Comptroller, season 32, episode 1, 30.09.2006. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/06/06abush.phtml

Southern Baptist Church, season 30, episode 15, 19.03.2005. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/04/04ochurch.phtml

The Babysitter, season 30, episode 20, 21.05.2005. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/04/04tsitter.phtml

The Falconer, season 31, episode 18, 20.05.2006. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/05/05sfalconer.phtml

The Looker, season 34, episode 2, 20.09.2008. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/08/08blooker.phtml

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