LESSON 4

Exercises to be done before the text:

I.Choose the correct translation of the sentences:

1.Ученые разрабатывают новые методы добычи полезных ископаемых.

a)Scientists have worked out new methods of extracting useful minerals.

b)Scientists are working out new methods of extracting useful minerals.

c)New methods of extracting useful minerals are being worked out.

2.Когда мы пришли, они проводили эксперимент.

a)When we come they will be making an experiment.

b)Whenever we come they are making an experiment.

c)When we came they were making an experiment.

3.Они будут работать в шахте с двух до восьми.

a)They will be working at the mine from 2 p.m. till 8 p.m.

b)They are working at the mine from 2 p.m. till 8 p.m.

c)They have been working at the mine from 2 p.m.

4.Экономисты внедряют автоматизированные системы планирования и управления.

a)The economists are introducing automated systems of planning and control.

b)The economists have introduced new automated systems of planning and

control.

c)The economists were introducing automated systems of planning and control.

5.Они сконструировали новую машину.

a)They will design a new machine.

b)They had designed a new machine.

c)They are designing a new machine.

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6.Эти теории стали действующими законами науки.

a)These theories are becoming the working laws of science. b) Theories become the working laws of science.

c) These theories have become the working laws of science.

7.Компания отказалась подписать соглашение.

a)The Company has refused to sign the agreement.

b)The Company refuses to sign the agreement.

c)The Company will have signed the agreement by the end of the month. 8. На семинарах студентам часто задаются вопросы.

a)The students were often asked questions at the seminars.

b)The students are often asked questions at the seminars.

c)The students are being asked questions at the seminars. 9. The laboratory is equipped with new machines.

a)Лаборатория была оснащена новым оборудованием.

b)Лаборатория будет оснащена новым оборудованием.

c)Лаборатория оснащена новым оборудованием.

10. Топливной промышленности уделяется большое внимание.

a)The fuel industry will be paid great attention to.

b)The fuel industry is paid great attention to.

c)The fuel industry was paid great attention to. 11. За экспериментом последовало испытание.

a)The experiment was followed by a test.

b)The experiment is followed by a test.

c)The experiment will be followed by a test. 12. Она знала, что ей помогут в работе.

a)She knew she would be helped in her work.

b)She knew she might be helped in her work.

c)She knew she had been helped in her work.

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13.The mine is being reconstructed.

a)Шахта реконструировалась.

b)Шахта реконструирована.

c)Шахта реконструируется.

14.Новые методы производства объяснялись весь урок.

a)New methods of production will be explained at the lesson.

b)New methods of production are being explained during the whole lesson.

c)New methods of production were being explained during the whole lesson.

15.Дом был построен до того, как мы приехали в город.

a)The house must be built in this town.

b)The house was being built when we came to this town.

c)The house had been built before we came to this town.

16.Новый метод добычи будет внедрен к концу этого месяца.

a)The new mining method was introduced last month.

b)The new mining method will have been introduced by the end of this month.

c)The new mining method is being introduced now.

II. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive:

1. To study well is our task. 2. To study well we must go to the lessons regularly. 3. The teacher gave us the task to do at home. 4. To strengthen peace in the world is the most important task of present. 5. Our duty is to preserve peace on the Earth. 6. We have come to discuss the problem. 7. The problems to be discussed at the meeting are very important. 8. To connect two rivers a canal is being built. 9. The results to have been achieved in individual operations do not guarantee the overall result. 10. There is nothing to trouble about. 11. The question to be solved is of great importance. 12. The engineers have some problems to solve. 13. You study at the institute to become qualified specialists. 14. He stopped to read the notice. 15. The tourists had a plan to discuss. 16. To get a good job for

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summer holidays is my goal now. 17. The worst thing to do is to do nothing. 18. Mary bought a special dress to wear tomorrow. 19. She studied hard to answer brilliantly.

III. Translate the following:

a) the requirement to satisfy, the rate to be obtained, the condition to provide, the measurement to be done, the load to be applied;

b)to consider this problem, the scientists ... ; to produce this mixture, the assistant ... ; to modify the rate, the chemist ... ; to finish the translation, we ... ; to conclude the agreement, they ... ;

c)to determine the value was ...; to connect two ends was ...; to introduce this definition means ... ; to produce this condition will be ... ;

d)to reduce the speed, the student ...; the speed to obtain ...; to come to an agreement will be ...; the case to consider...; to provide this operation was ...; to isolate this substance, the chemist ... .

IV. What sentences are translated with the help of " чтобы":

1. To translate this article you must use a dictionary. 2.To translate the text without a dictionary was our task. 3. To visit the Hermitage is my desire. 4. Naturally it is difficult to take into consideration all details. 5. To take into consideration all details he wrote down them all. 6. To take into consideration all details of our trip was a very difficult task. 7. To get information about our town we addressed the tourist firm. 8. To get information about the examination was our monitor's task. 9. To use atomic energy for peaceful purposes is the task of our scientists. 10. To develop national economy we must work hard. 11. Not to fail at the exam one has to study hard. 12. To believe him was very difficult. 13. Not to miss the train I took a taxi. 14. To attend that lecture was very important.

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V. Translate into Russian:

1.They are known to be very hospitable people. 2. She seems to be ill.

3.They seemed to be informed of it already. 4. He happened to meet this girl before. 5. He is likely to be a president. 6. I am certain to be the first lady of the country. 7. They seem to have checked the results already. 8. We are assumed to be responsible for consequences. 9. Sakharov was regarded to be a representative of

the opposition. 10. The dramatic change was supposed to occur in his life. 11. We are supposed to be waited for at 5. 12. The reforms are expected to be a success. 13. The meeting proved to be a great success. 14. He was thought to be a happy man. 15. The work is expected to be published soon. 16. Our teacher wanted us to remember this rule. 16. I’d like you to solve this problem yourself. 18. Sakharov was regarded to be the leader of the political opposition. 19. He is likely to be happy.

Text

THE LIFE OF ANDREY SAKHAROV

A time to live and a time to die. Andrey Dmitrievitch Sakharov died suddenly at the end of a stormy and dramatic year that has left many questions. At an early age he won fame as an outstanding scientist. In his maturity as a citizen. He was persecuted and was then able to resume his public activity. The years have passed, and Sakharov's life is now before us in full. It was the life of a great son of his people, of our age and our common world, and now he is becoming history.

Sakharov's health was not good. It had been undermined by his seven-year exile in Gorky, by his heart attacks and hunger strikes there. Had he died there we would have been informed of his death perhaps in a few words. He fell into disgrace with the authorities because he openly criticized the existing regime, its policy and morals.

The dramatic change in the life of the academician occurred after a telephone call from Mikhail Gorbachev who told him he could return to Moscow.

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We paid our last respects not to a dissident, but to a people's deputy of the USSR. His death was mourned by thousands of Moscovites and visitors to Moscow who came to bid him farewell. The official leadership also paid a tribute of respect. Sakharov regarded himself as a representative of the opposition.

In his last speech at a meeting of the interregional group, a few hours before his death, he stated a "formula" for opposition. On the one hand, the opposition cannot assume responsibility for what the leadership is doing now. On the other, it proposes its own ways of solving problems and assumes responsibility for the consequences.

He was unable to put this formulae into practice. But he behaved like a leading member of a political parliamentary opposition. In his last speech at the Congress of People's Deputies, Sakharov insisted on the removal from the Constitution of Article 6, which proclaimed the party's guiding role in the country and thereby ruled out any organized opposition to it. The failure to include this item on the congress's agenda was the last setback for Sakharov, but it would be no mistake to say that with every such defeat the number of his supporters and followers among our citizens was growing.

Our society has indeed changed greatly in the past few years. It has come a long way along the path for which its principal and world-famous dissident called very many years ago - the path of openness and pluralism, the destruction of the totalitarian regime and democratization.

The new thinking appeared in official Soviet policy twenty years after it was proclaimed by Sakharov. Back in 1968, in his work "Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual .Freedom", which was not published in the Soviet Union, he insisted on the priority of universal human principles. The tragedy of Sakharov, like that of other great sons of Russia, was that he was ahead of his time.

He was rehabilitated during his lifetime, in the last years of his life. "Forgive us, Andrey Dmitrievitch!". This request was expressed by speakers and posters at a meeting at Luzhniki stadium attended by tens of thousands. This entreaty was not

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merely a tribute in the Russian tradition of paying last respects to the dead. It must be said that abroad, in the West, Andrey Sakharov had been recognized earlier and more fully. More respect and attention had been shown him there.

Sakharov had been silenced in the Soviet Union. Soviet people could not form their own opinion of his views, because his writings were not published here.

It should also be remembered that in the West, Sakharov was praised as a famous Soviet human rights champion, and he was such a champion indeed. The current reforms and Moscow's attitude to the final document of the Vienna meeting proved that he was ahead of his time in this field, too. He understood that in our nuclear age his homeland would be unable to achieve peace and prosperity without civilized relations with other countries. Sakharov's role cannot be exaggerated.

In a television interview, Sakharov's widow Yelena Bonner said he was a happy man. It is not easy to find happy people in our time, but it turns out that Sakharov was happy. He was happy because he was fearless, dedicated and selfless. Such is the simple but incredibly difficult recipe for happiness.

Scientist ... Citizen ... Visionary ....

Additional Text

What He Was Like, What We'll Be Like

I seldom had an occasion to ring on Andrey Sakharov's door in Chkalov Street. It was usually ajar, or shut with a newspaper wedged in it sixfold. There was always a worn-out quilted jacket hanging up in the narrow corridor, often next to the expensive overcoat of some diplomat.

After his return from Gorky Sakharov was offered a magnificent apartment in an academic house, matching his title and merits. He refused it, reluctant to comply with anything. He stayed in the small two-room apartment belonging to his mother-in-law, Ruth Bonner, in which he lived before his exile. He only asked to have a study one floor below.

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How many times I saw the Academician's modest clothes. Was it a "Potyomkin village? Deliberate? No. Material things didn't mean a thing to him. It seemed he generally didn't notice them. In his home there was neither crystalware, nor carpets, nor even luxurious china for diplomatic needs. Visitors were received in the kitchen, where falling tiles were stuck to the wall with scotchtape.

The worn slippers, the faded blue jeans and cowboy shirt that went out of fashion back in the 1950s, a knitted jacket thrown over one shoulder-all of this was hardly consistent with diplomatic etiquette. But he was attentive to the visitor.

Coffee - for guests, tea - for himself. In general, on the dinner table there was never anything which could not be found in the usual Moscow stores, or in the market where he liked to go himself. He was fond of doing what most people consider a burden: wash plates and dishes, the floor, line up in queues, like everyone else. And this was no pose, he did all of this with furious consciousness. According to Yelena Bonner, " his main talent was to do everything to the end". The only "luxury" which Sakharov permitted himself was to warm up everything which is usually eaten cold, even Russian salad and herring.

His home was everything to him, except a fortress. He loved its cleanliness among the chaos of books, manuscripts and letters. Only here, with the doors flung wide open, did he feel safely out of the way of deception, threats and someone's hate. Once over the threshold, he calmed down, grew cheerful, let people make jokes about him, and joked himself.

Sakharov was the same with prime ministers as he was with officials from the local housing administration.

Like many others, I was scared when, at the 1st Congress of People's Deputies, Sakharov's speech was muffled by shouts and coarse protest. I rushed to his home to find out how he had endured the whole nightmare. On the face of it Sakharov was quiet and cheerful. And answered my question, shrugging his shoulders:

"When I speak, I think and don't hear anything". I still can't believe this. He

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listened more than anyone else to his opponents - slightly leaning forward towards his interlocutor.

He could still have lived and lived. In December he was invited to the FRG to attend the celebration of the Social-Democratic Party's jubilee. He flatly refused: " What a jubilee when the Congress is on". He didn't want to go anywhere before things were settled at home, our home.

Late at night on December, 14 he told his wife and guests: "I am going to have a rest. Tomorrow'11 be a difficult day. There is going to be a fight at the Congress". Those were his last words.

Gennady Zhavoronkov

Oral Practice

I. Tell all you know about A. D. Sakharov, about his life, his works (if you have read any).

II.Having read the text find proofs of the following statements:

1.A.D. Sakharov was a very modest man ( скромный).

2.Sakharov was a very attentive listener.

3.He was not an indifferent man (равнодушный ).

III.Read the following. Do you agree with the author?

The ABCs of Happiness

1. Aspire to reach your potential. 2. Believe in yourself. 3. Create a good life. 4. Dream of what you might become. 5. Exercise frequently. 6. Forgive honest mistakes. 7. Glorify the creative spirit. 8. Humor yourself and others. 9. Imagine great things. 10. Joyfully live each day. 11. Kindly help others. Love one another. 12. Meditate daily. 13. Nurture the environment. 14. Praise performance well done. 15. Question most things. 16. Regulate your own behavior. 17. Smile often. 18. Think rationally. 19. Understand yourself. 20. Value life. 21.Work for the common good.

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22. X-ray and carefully examine problems. 23. Yearn to improve. 24. Zestfully pursue happiness.

Robert Vallet

Стоит процитировать

Пусть вас знает лишь шесть человек за то, чем вы можете гордиться, чем 60 миллионов за то, чего вы стыдитесь.

Чтобы получать истинное удовольствие от сна, богатства и здоровья, надо на какое-то время их лишаться.

Если человек честен, то это на всю жизнь.

Один из секретов счастливой жизни - постоянно доставлять себе маленькие удовольствия.

Если хотите избежать критики, ничего не говорите, ничего не делайте и никак себя не проявляйте.

Слова - язык сердца, а музыка - язык души.

Каким бы странным был этот мир, если бы у всех было одинаковое чувство юмора.

Верь в чудеса, но не рассчитывай на них.

Услышав добрые слова о своем друге, передай их ему.

Никогда не смейся над теми, кто говорит на ломанном русском, ведь они знают другой язык.

Помни, что твоя задача не заставить людей полюбить себя, а полюбить их самому.

Чтобы твои дети стали хорошими людьми, трать на них вдвое меньше денег и вдвое больше времени.

Помни, что только тот вопрос глуп, который ты хотел задать, но не

задал.

Жизнь состоит из 3 этапов: вам нужно уснуть, но вам не хочется спать; вы хотите уснуть, но у вас нет времени для сна; вы хотите уснуть, и у вас

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есть время, но вы не можете заснуть.

b) encouragement, sympathy, regret:

IV. Express your sympathy, regret, encouragement:

1.I've got to leave my work, but I liked it so much. 2. Our group has lost.

3.Jane failed at her examination. 4. His mother is seriously ill. 5. I haven't seen the last concert of my favourite group. 6. He's lost his job. 7. My boss is a very bad man.

8.I'm so tired. 9. I think I'll never be all right. 10. I've lost all my money. 11. I've been robbed the other day. 12. My best friend has left for abroad. 13. I've lost your key, sorry. 14. He gave up smoking. 15. My girlfriend and I parted. 16. We divorced yesterday. 17. I was expelled from the college. 18. I'm invited to the police. 19. I smashed my friend's car. 20. I am not ready for English.

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V. Compose short dialogues using the above expressions.

VI. You are asked for some advice. What would you advice to these people?

1. The birthday of a close friend is coming up, and I have no idea what to buy. Is it acceptable to give her bath salts, sweets, wine? Do these presents seem like I don’t care? 2. This month I’m a bridesmaid in a close friend’s wedding party. I’ve just got engaged and have decided not to ask her to be in mine. How can I tell her without hurting her feelings? 3. I need a roommate and a college friend suggested that we share her apartment. I think she’s fine to go out with, but I don’t want to live with her (she’s moody and has some annoying habits). Is this wrong of me? What should I say to her? 4. My friend got married two years ago, and I never gave her a present. She hasn’t said anything, but I feel awful. Should I send a gift now, or hope she’s forgotten about it? 5. My best friend spends every minute with her boyfriend. I’m happy she’s found a guy, but I want her to go out and have fun with me. Help. 6. Is it good to ask people what to present them with?

VII. Enjoy yourself:

1. I knew a poet ( not a very good one) who said to a friend: "Do you think I should have put more fire into my poems?"

His friend answered: "No, I really think you should have put more of your poems into the fire".

2.Professor: "You can't sleep in my class". Student: "If you didn't talk so loud I could".

3.Judge: "How could you swindle people who trusted in you?" Prisoner: "But, Judge, people who don't trust you cannot be swindled."

4.Last week Professor Egghead drove into a car at the crossroads. He did not damage his own car very much, but he did a lot of damage to the other car.

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"I am very sorry," said the professor. "It was my fault. Find out the cost of your repairs and then ring me up. I'll pay." Then he began to drive away.

"But what's your telephone number?" asked the driver of the other car. "It is in the directory," the professor called back.

"But what's your name?" shouted the other man. "That's in the directory too", shouted the professor.

5. The professor got into the bath. He had forgotten to take his clothes off. But it didn't matter. He had forgotten to put any water into the bath.

6. There was ice on the road, and the doctor's car hit a tree and turned over three times. To his surprise, he was not hurt. He got out of the car and walked to the nearest house. He wanted to telephone the garage for help. The door was opened by one of his patients.

"Oh, Doctor," she said, "I have only just telephoned you. You must have a very fast car. You have got here very quickly indeed. There has been a very bad accident in the road outside. I saw it through the window. I am sure the driver will need your help."

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