Актуганов / Основы теории международных отношений. Воронеж, 2007

ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɬɨ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɜɟɪɯɞɟɪɠɚɜ ɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ, ɢɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ «ɬɪɟɬɶɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ» ɢɦɟɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ, ɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ. ȼɨɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɥɚɫɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɚɹ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɪɯɞɟɪɠɚɜɭ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɟɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɜ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ «ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ». ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɥ ɤɪɚɯ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɣ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɈɈɇ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɅȺȽ, ɈȺȿ, ȺɋȿȺɇ ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ – ɨɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɢɥɢɹ, ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɫɥɚɛɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɢɧɵ (ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɵɣ «ɜɶɟɬɧɚɦɫɤɢɣ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦ» ɜ ɋɒȺ) ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ȼ- ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɯ, «ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɟ» ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɜɟɪɯɞɟɪɠɚɜ ɧɚ «ɬɪɟɬɶɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ», ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɢɯ ɞɟɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɭɝɪɨɡɭ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɜɟɪɯɞɟɪɠɚɜɵ ɢ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɨɢɦɢ ɛɥɨɤɚɦɢ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɜ-ɩɹɬɵɯ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ (ɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ) ɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɜɚɡɢɫɜɟɪɯɞɟɪɠɚɜ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɨɣ ɦɚɧɟɜɪɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɟɠɢɦ ɂɧɞɨɧɟɡɢɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɭɤɚɪɧɨ, ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɋɢɪɢɢ ɢ ɂɡɪɚɢɥɹ ɧɚ Ȼɥɢɠɧɟɦ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɟ, ɘȺɊ ɜ ɘɠɧɨɣ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.).

Ⱦɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɜɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜɵɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɪɟɧɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɤ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɤ ɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɵɦ XX ɜɟɤɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɬɨɣ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɚɪɟɧɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɪɹɞɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ (ɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɜɵɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ-ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɨ ɚɜɬɚɪɤɢɟɣ), ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɦɢɪɚ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɷɬɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ «ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɢɞɟɚɥɨɜ» «ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ», ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɭɫɬɨɟɜ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ «ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ» «ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɡɥɚ» – ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɤ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ 1980-ɯɝɝ. ɫɨ-

ɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭɋɋɋɊɢɋɒȺ.

ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɵ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɭɛɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ «ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ» ɢ «ɦɚɥɵɯ» ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɫɜɟɪɯɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɦ ɭɞɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ II ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɤ 1980-ɦ ɝɝ. ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɪɦɨɡ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɨɩɚɫɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ.

Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɨ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚɯ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ

Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɥɨ ɪɚɞɭɠɧɵɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɵ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɬɪɚɬɹɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ – ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɧɚɲɥɚ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ «Ʉɨɧɟɰ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ?», ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɜ 1989 ɝ. [22]. ȿɟ ɚɜɬɨɪ – Ɏ. Ɏɭɤɭɹɦɚ, ɬɨɝɞɚɲɧɢɣ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤ ɝɨɫɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɋɒȺ, ɜɵɞɜɢɧɭɥ ɬɟɡɢɫ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɭɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ «ɪɵɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ» ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɢɞɟɚɥ, «ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɭɸ ɢɞɟɸ» ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ.

ȼ 1993 ɝ. ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ Ƚɚɪɜɚɪɞɚ ɋ. ɏɚɧɬɢɧɝɬɨɧ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɟɣ – ɢɞɟɟɣ «ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɣ» [23]. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɧɚ ɫɦɟɧɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚɦ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɦɢ. ɇɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ Ɂɚɩɚɞ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɭɸ ɭɝɪɨɡɭ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɵɯ ɟɦɭ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɏɚɧɬɢɧɝɬɨɧ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɜɟɪɢɬ ɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ-ɧɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɞɟɥɢɬ ɦɢɪ ɧɚ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɣ – ɡɚɩɚɞɧɭɸ, ɬɚɣɫɤɨ-ɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧɫɤɭɸ, ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɭɸ, ɢɧɞɭɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ, ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɭɸ, ɥɚɬɢɧɨɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɭɸ – ɢ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɟɞɶɦɭɸ, ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɭɸ. ɉɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɝɪɹɞɭɳɢɟ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɋɟɜɟɪɨɦ ɢ ɘɝɨɦ, ɛɨɝɚɬɵɦɢ ɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɦɢ, ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ ɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɡɦɨɦ, ɢ ɧɟ ɜɨ ɢɦɹ ɹɜɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ, ɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɣ. ɇɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɦɢɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɢɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ «ɦɢɪɨɜɭɸ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɸ», ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɦɟɠɰɢ-

ɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ. ȼ- ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɬɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɸ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɣ. ȼ-ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɯ, ɜɫɩɥɟɫɤ ɦɟɠɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɣ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɟɣ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ: ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɪɟɧɟ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ, ɨɧ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɟɬ «ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬ ɤ ɢɫɬɨɤɚɦ» ɜ ɧɟɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ, ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɱɟɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ «ɞɟɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ» ɷɥɢɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ȼ-ɩɹɬɵɯ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦɢ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɵ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɟɥɢɤɚɬɧɨɣɫɮɟɪɟɧɚɣɬɢɝɨɪɚɡɞɨɬɪɭɞɧɟɟ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɜ-ɲɟɫɬɵɯ, ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ: ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ (ȿɋ, ɇȺɎɌȺ, ɆȿɊɄɈɋɍɊ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.), ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ «ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ», ɢɛɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ.

«ɐɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɲɨɤ» ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ – ɧɢɠɧɟɦ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ, ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɹɦ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɨɜ, ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɞɬɢ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ ɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɜ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɦɢɪ XXI ɜɟɤɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɏɚɧɬɢɧɝɬɨɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɦɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ.

ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɭ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ «Ɇɢɪ, ɥɢɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ» ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɣ ɚɜɬɨɪ Ɂɚɤɢ Ʌɚɢɞɢ. Ɉɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ «ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɫ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɡɦɨɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ». ɋ ɟɝɨ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɹɟɬ «ɤɪɢɡɢɫ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ» ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɗɬɨɬ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɜ «ɭɬɪɚɬɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ» (ɤɭɞɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɪ?) ɢ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɜ «ɭɬɪɚɬɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ» (ɜɫɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ). Ʌɚɢɞɢ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɟɬ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɬɟɡɢɫ ɨɛ ɚɧɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ, ɞɟɡɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɥɢɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɦɢɪɟ.

ȼɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɩɟɫɫɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɤɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ.

ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɷɩɨɯɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɜɲɟɣ ɡɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɨɣ, ɤ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɦɢɪɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɬ ɭɞɚɱɧɨ ɢ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɜɭɥɶɫɢɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɩɪɢɦɢɪɟɧɢɸ «ɞɜɭɯ ȿɜɪɨɩ», ɬ. ɟ. ɤ «ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɭ», «ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɞɨɦɭ», «ɩɚɧɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɸɡɭ» ɢ ɟɜɪɨɚɬɥɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ. Ɍɚɤ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ (IFRI) Ɍ. ɞɟ Ɇɨɧɛɪɢɚɥɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɢɡɦɭ «ɬɪɢɚɞɵ», ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ

ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɤɚɤ ɜ ɧɚ-

ɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ), ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɢɫɤɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ

ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ [64, 13–17].

Ⱦɠ. Ɋɨɡɟɧɚɭ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧ ɪɨɫɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. ȼ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚɞɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ «ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ», ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ, ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ

ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ – ɫɦ. [72, 14], ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɪɢɧɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɟɝɨ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɟ ɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ [71, 34]. Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɥɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɣ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɨɜ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ.

ɉɨɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɟ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. Ɉɧ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɚɧɚɪɯɢɸ, ɧɨ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ, ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟ ɢɡ ɧɟɤɨɟɝɨ ɫɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ, ɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɛɦɟɧɵ, ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɵ, ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɭɩɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɚɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ governance ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ – ɷɬɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ «ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ» [64, 15].

ɉɟɫɫɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɦɢɪɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɧɵɦ. Ɉɧ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɥɢɛɨ ɤ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɯɚɨɫɭ ɢ ɚɧɚɪɯɢɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɪɨɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɨɦ ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɨɦ, ɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɦɢ ɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚɦ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɂ. Ɋɚɦɨɧɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɢ ɜɵɲɟɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɝɨ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ «Ɇɨɧɞ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɤ», ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ, ɚ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɪɚɡɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɭɸ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɢ ɋɒȺ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɰɵ ɜɢɞɹɬ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɦɢɪɨɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɬɨ ɋɒȺ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɥɢɞɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ. ɋɨɸɡ ɫ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɰɚɦɢ ɢɦ ɧɭɠɟɧ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɞɨ ɨɱɟ-

ɪɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɸɬ ɫɤɥɨɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɤɚ- ɤɢɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɉɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ Ⱥ. ɀɨɤɫ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɨɣ. ɋɒȺ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɹ ɫɜɨɣ «ɧɟɨɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɢɣ ɧɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ», ɧɟ ɯɨɬɹɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ, ɨɧɢ ɯɨɬɹɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ. ɂɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɞɥɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ [54, 326].

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (Ʉɨɥɹɪ, Ɇɨɧɛɪɢɚɥɶ, ɋɟɧɚɪɤɥɹɧɫ, Ȼɨɝɚɬɭɪɨɜ, Ɂɚɝɥɚɞɢɧ, Ʌɚɩɤɢɧ, ɋɚɥɦɢɧ, ɏɪɭɫɬɚɥɟɜ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɟɣ ɋɒȺ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɛɟɫɫɩɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɟɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɦɢɞɠɚ ɟɞɢɧɨɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɞɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɚɪɟɧɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɬɟɯ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. ɇɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ «ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ «ɫɟɦɟɪɤɢ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɨɛɪɚɡ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ «ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ»...» [24, 49], ɜɥɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚ ɟɳɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɤɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ.

ɋɤɟɩɬɢɤɢ, ɜ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɉ. ɞɟɋɟɧɚɪɤɥɹɧɫ, Ⱦ. Ɂɨɥɨ ɢ ɞɪ., ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹɦ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɫɬɨɜ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ. ɉɨ ɢɯ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɨɩɬɢɦɢɫɬɵ ɩɪɟɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɌɇɄ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɢɯ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ

ɜɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɡɚ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɦɹɝɱɢɬɶ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɸ

ɜɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɛɟɡɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣɬɨɬɢɥɢɢɧɨɣɢɡɧɢɯɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɧɚɢɯɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.

ɇɚ ɞɟɥɟ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɉ. ɞɟ ɋɟɧɚɪɤɥɹɧɫ [76, 198–202], ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɢ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ. ȼɬɨɪɠɟɧɢɟ ɠɟ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ, ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɣ, ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɪɨɞɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɇɉɈ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ȼɌɈ ɢɥɢ ɆȼɎ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɢ. ɂɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ-ɧɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɫɟɪɶɟɡ

ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ-ɧɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ. ɑɬɨ ɠɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ ɤ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɦɢ, ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. «Ɍɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɫɦɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɭɝɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ «ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ», – ɩɢɲɟɬ Ⱦ. Ɂɨɥɨ, – ɧɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɫɟɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ «ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ», ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ» [84]. ɉ. ɞɟ ɋɟɧɚɪɤɥɹɧɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɸɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,

ɜɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ [76, 202].

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ. ɗɬɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. ɇɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɦɢɪɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɢɯ ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɤ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɟ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɢɯ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɣ «ɤɨɧɰɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ», «ɟɞɢɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜ» ɢ «ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ», ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ «ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ «ɫɟɦɟɪɤɢ», ɥɟɠɚɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɧɟɨɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ «ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɣ» ɢ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ «ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ» ɢ «ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɥ» ɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ. ɑɬɨ ɠɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɡɢɫɨɜ ɨɛ «ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɦɟ» ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɹɜɧɨ ɨɬɞɚɸɬ ɞɚɧɶ ɧɟɨɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦɭ.

Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ – ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ – ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɦɢ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ, ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɢɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚɦɢ. ɂ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ, ɢ ɜ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɬɨ ɦɟɠɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɟɪɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ

ɜɷɬɭ ɫɮɟɪɭ: ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɜɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɜɥɚɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ. ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-

21. Ɏɢɧɧɟɦɨɪ Ɇ. ɇɨɪɦɵ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ / Ɇ. Ɏɢɧɧɟɦɨɪ // Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ: ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ. Ɇ., 1998.

22. Ɏɭɤɭɹɦɚ Ɏ. Ʉɨɧɟɰ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ? / Ɏ. Ɏɭɤɭɹɦɚ // ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ. 1990. ʋ 3.

23. ɏɚɧɬɢɧɝɬɨɧ ɋ. ɋɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɣ? / ɋ. ɏɚɧɬɢɧɝɫɬɨɧ // ɉɨ-

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