- •Introduction to the Computing……………………………………….5
- •Definitions.……………………………………………………………….45
- •Topics for Essays, Oral or Written Reports……………………….92
- •Introduction to the Computing
- •I.1 translate the following phrases.
- •I.4 Do you agree with the statements below? Correct the wrong ones.
- •I.5 Ask questions to each other.
- •I.6 Ask your fellow students some questions to each sentence.
- •I.9 a) Having read the dialogue above you should decide whether the following statements and suggestions are true or false. Change a false statement to make it true.
- •1. Prefix tables
- •I.10 Practise using underlined words with negative prefixes. Contradict the following statements in the same way as the example. Not all the words you need are in the table above.
- •I.13 construct words or phrases to replace the underlined words.
- •I.18 a) Translate the following into Russian, mind the prefixes.
- •7. Space / time the following units of measure are used to define storage and transmission capacities
- •I.19 match the words with their definitions.
- •*** Key expressions to be used in your own Dialogues
- •I.22 Do you know the difference? Translate the words below the table & put them in.
- •I.23 Do you know these words? Translate them…
- •I.24 decide what the prefixes mean in the following.
- •I.25 Fill in the gaps with the correct prefix from the box.
- •I.26 a) Fill in the table below with the words underneath.
- •I.29 match the beginnings & the endings (there are several definitions for some terms).
- •I.30 Ask each other questions using the above-mentioned terms.
- •This is a computer Prereading Discussion
- •Text 1a Computing & Computers
- •1.2 Read the international words.
- •1.4 Staying their part of speech, translate the groups of words of the same root. Find different ones.
- •1.5 Translate the sentences.
- •1.6 Translate the sentences.
- •1.7 Translate the sentences.
- •1.8 B) match the following underlined phrases with the hints below the line.
- •1.9 Translate the sentences.
- •1.10 Translate the following phrases, mind the attributive groups.
- •1.11 Define the predicate & translate the sentences.
- •1.14 Complete the sentences:
- •Text1b Computer
- •Dialogue1.16 Dramatize the dialogue. Give your opinion about having a computer at home.
- •Vocabulary ratings
- •10-14 Correct: Good 15-17 correct: Excellent 18-20 correct: Exceptional
- •1.17 The statements below were results of the survey comparing boys and girls. Match the beginning with the endings. Girls… Boys…
- •Word Power
- •Text 1Cb) Read & translate the article, render it, & discuss the problem. Computer Studies?
- •1.18 A) find in text 1d underneath the answers to the questions.
- •1.19 Express the main idea of the article above using the following.
- •1.20 Choose the definition to match the given terms.
- •1.21 Match the best term to the given definition.
- •1.24 Fill in the gaps using the words from the box below.
- •1.26 Say if these statements are true or false (correct the false ones).
- •Unit Two
- •Choosing the right meaning
- •Ability n. Способность; умение; 2. Дарования, способности
- •2.2 Translate the words of the same root.
- •2.3 Match the synonyms.
- •2.4 Translate the phrases.
- •2.4 Match the following with the hints below the line.
- •2.7 Translate the following.
- •2.8 Complete the sentences according to the text.
- •Dialogue 2.10 Dramatize the dialogue & make your own ones. Using portable calculators
- •Text 2b Prehistory
- •2.12 A) Translate the following words. B) Give some examples from the dictionary.
- •2.13 Match the antonyms (there may be more then two of them).
- •2.14 A) Match the synonyms (there are more than two of them).
- •2.15 Find the answers to the questions below in text 2c.
- •2.16 Match the beginnings & the endings.
- •2.17 Say if the following statements are true or false. Change the false into the true ones.
- •2.18 Make your own dialogue about the prehistory of mind tools.
- •2.20 Answer the following questions & add your own to make a dialogue according to the text read.
- •2.21 Put in the proper words from the box.
- •2.22 Translate the sentences, mind the underlined words.
- •2.23 Translate into English.
- •How Modern Are You?
- •Add up Your Score and Read the Analysis
- •The Analysis
- •Unit three Computer Generations
- •The evolutionofcomputersinterms ofgenerations.
- •If therewerenocomputerstheyhadtobethoughtout.
- •3.1 Choose the proper term for each definition.
- •3.2 Choose the proper definition for the term, & translate them.
- •3.5 Find antonyms for the following words:
- •3.8 Find Russian equivalents for the given below.
- •3.12 Ask your interlocutors
- •3.13 Match the beginnings with the endings.
- •3.14 Translate the sentences below, mind the underlined words.
- •Dialogue 3.15 Complete the dialogue. Basic units of a computer
- •Dialogue 3.16 Complete the dialogue. Computer generations
- •What does the term the Fifth Generation describe?
- •It describes … .
- •3.17 Define the parts of speech & translate these words.
- •3.18 Translate.
- •3.19 Find Russian equivalents to the following words & phrases.
- •3.20 Translate these sentences.
- •3.21 Translate these sentences, say if the verb to have is: a) notional, b) auxiliary, c) modal, d) a part of a set phrase.
- •3.22 Define the -ed form & translate the sentences.
- •3.26 Translate into English.
- •Computer Systems
- •Handle n. 1. Ручка, рукоять, рукоятка; V.T. 2. Трогать, брать; обращаться, справляться 3. Торговать;
- •Amount n. 1. Сумма; 2. Количество; V.I. 3. Составлять, достигать, быть равным / равносильным; сводиться к;
- •4.3 Put the nouns into the proper column, add their meanings.
- •4.4 Find English equivalents to the following.
- •4.5 Using a dictionary match synonyms (a - b).
- •4.6 Match the following with the hints below the line.
- •4.7 Match each component in column I with its definition.
- •4.7 Complete the table in your exercise books.
- •4.8 Guess or Match the following abbreviations with the phrases and meanings.
- •4.13 Add another word, abbreviation, or part of a word, to complete common 'computer' words and phrases given below.
- •4.14 Complete this text with the words from the box.
- •4.15 Do you remember the English terms for the following?
- •4.16 Make sure you know what these mean in English.
- •4.17 Arrange the following terms around the most general one.
- •4.18 Express the main idea of the article above using the following.
- •4.25 Translate the sentences.
- •4.29 State the function of the infinitive and translate the following.
- •4.31 Translate the following.
I.9 a) Having read the dialogue above you should decide whether the following statements and suggestions are true or false. Change a false statement to make it true.
1. People always try to solve the problem of ‘an educated person’. 2. Pr. Walton knows something about the system of education in the University and criticizes it. 3. It is not difficult to say what the notion ‘an educated person’ means. 4. Pr. Walton is sure that when we are speaking about ‘an educated person’ we must focus our attention only on ordinary people. 5. Pr. Walton says that in the USA 20 years ago an educated person knew nothing about computers. 6. Peter considers that an educated man today needs some significant knowledge in computing. 7. Pr. Walton gives the exact definition of ‘an educated person’. 8. Pr. Walton is sure that an educated person must understand scientific method quite well and possess basic knowledge of mathematics and logic. 9. Pr. Walton says that an educated person must know, at least, one foreign language and be able to speak and write what he means. 10. Pr. Walton insists on the fact that an educated person must always be able to know how to learn and never change his opinion.
b) Add your own statements, begin with: as for me; to my mind; I (fully) agree with; I don’t agree with (at all); I (completely) disagree with; I consider; I think; I believe; etc.
Text B1a) Read the text & fill in the tables underneath.
Word-Formation: Prefixes
The problem of word-formation is very important for everybody, who wants to have a good command of English, especially for those who deal with some special terminology of this or that science. As you remember from your school studies, a word is usually represented by the combination of three elements: prefix - root - suffix. It is quite true that there are many words in English consisting only of a root, e.g. book, disk, cut, write, etc.
But we'll speak here about the words possessing the structure mentioned above. Pre- means “before” and, therefore, a prefix is what comes before the root. As for a suffix, it is what is attached to the end of the root. Each of the suffixes and prefixes possesses its own meaning, usually wide one. Let us take some examples: the prefix semi- in the term semiconductor means “half” and the prefix micro- in the term microchip means “very small”. Consider as an example the suffix -ment meaning “action or state”; so measurement is “an action of measuring”.
Prefixes and suffixes function in the process of word-formation differently. Prefixes only change the meaning of words, e.g. possible - impossible. Here prefix im- changes a word to the negative. Impossible means “that cannot be done, exist, or happen”. As for suffixes, the picture is quite different because they change the word from one part of speech to another. Furthermore, one and the same suffix may belong to different parts of speech.
Prefixes might be classified according to their meaning. Generally all the prefixes may be subdivided into the following six groups: 1) prefixes of size, 2) prefixes of location, 3) prefixes of time and order, 4) prefixes of number, 5) positive prefixes, 6) negative prefixes.
(5) Prefixes of size: semi- means “half”, “partly” in semiconductor (полупроводник), semicolon (точка с запятой); mini- means “small” in minicomputer (миникомпьютер), minifloppy (пятидюймовая дискета); micro- “very small” in microchip (микрокристалл), microcircuit (микросхема), microprogramming (микропрограммирование); macro- and mega- mean “large”, “great” in macrocode (макрокод), macrocommand (макрокоманда), megabyte (мегабайт); giga- stands for “gigantic” or “billion” in gigabyte (гигабайт); equi- means “equal” in equidistant.
(6) Prefixes of location: inter- means “between”, “among” in interface (интерфейс); super- means “over” in supercomputer (суперкомпьютер); trans- means “across” in transmit (передавать); extra- means “beyond” in extraordinary (чрезвычайный), sub- means “under” in subdirectory (подкаталог), peri- means “around" in peripheral (периферийный).
(7) Prefixes of time and order: pre- means “before” preprocessor (процессор предварительной обработки); prime- means “first” in primary (первичный); post- means “after” in postgraduate (аспирант).
(8) Prefixes of number: mono- means “one” in monoprocessor (монопроцессор); bi- means “two” in binary (двоичный); multy-, poly- mean “many” in multiprogramming (многозадачный режим), polysemantic (многозначный).
(9) positive prefixes: re- means “do it again” in refreshing (обновление); over- means “too much” in overload (перегружать).
negative prefixes: un-, in-, im- (before a root beginning with m, b, p), il- (before l), ir- (before r); all of them mean “not”. For instance, unusable (негодный), invalid (недействительный), impolite (невежливый), illegal (недопустимый), irregular (нерегулярный). Prefix поп- means “not connected” in noncompatible (несовместимый). Prefixes mis- and mal- mean “bad” or “wrong” in misdirect (неверно направлять), malfunction (поломка, авария). Prefix dis- means “opposite meaning” in disagree (не согласиться). Unfortunately, there is no easy way of knowing which prefix any adjective will use to form its opposite. When you learn a new adjective note down whether it has an opposite formed with a prefix and, if so, what it is.
(11) Some of these words are used with a hyphen(-), e.g.anti-war, ex-student, semi-final.If you are not sure, check in a dictionary.
NB:1Theprefix in- does not always have a negative meaning – often it has the idea of “inside” or “into”,e.g.internal, import, insert, income.
b) Study the Prefix tables given below.